Identification of plant parasitic nematodes in rhizosphere soils of Kahaq area, north of Maragheh, East Azarbaijan province (Iran)
Ebrahim
Kazemi
Graduate in Plant Pathology- Tabriz university
author
Gholamreza
Niknam
Professor of Nematology, Department of Plant Protection, Tabriz University
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and Objectives Plant parasitic nematodes are distributed in all agricultural soils and attack nearly all crops, damage and cause disease. In studying biology, management and other aspects of plant parasitic nematodes, their precise identification should be carried out up to species level. Kahaq region, Maragheh, East Azarbaijan province, is a natural ecosystem and under cultivation of agricultural crops as well. Fruit trees such as walnut, almond, apple, quince and crops like wheat, barley, chickpea and fruitless trees as spruce and willow are grown in the region. Due to the paucity of previous studies the current study set out for the identification of nematode fauna in soils of this region. Materials and Methods In order to identify plant parasitic nematodes, 70 soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of different vegetations in Kahaq region, Maragheh, East Azarbaijan province during 2014 and 2015. The samples were transferred to laboratory and nematodes extracted by centrifugal flotation technique were transferred to anhydrose glycerin according to the modified De Grisse (1969) method. Permanent slides were prepared from the extracted nematodes and some cross sections were also made from different parts of some nematode bodies if needed. The nematodes were studied under light microscope. The morphometric data were taken using a drawing tube attached to the microscope. Drawings were done using Corel DRAW X7 software. Pictures were taken using DP50 digital camera attached to the microscope. Results The results of this study led to the identification of Amplimerlinius globigerus, Criconemoides informis, Mesocriconema antipolitanum, Ogma cobbi, Pratylenchus neglectus, P. thornei, Pratylenchoides erzurumensis, Xiphinema index, X. pyrenaicum, Xiphinema sp. and Zygotylenchus guevarai. Discussion Morphological and morphometric characteristics of two plant parasitic nematodes out of 11 identified species were described in details. Ogma cobbi shows much similarity with O. nemorosus, but the latter differs from the former species because of fewer number of body annuli (45-54 vs 58-61), shape of scales in mid-body (triangular, with rounded tip vs rather acute), empty spermatheca vs full of sperm, occasional presence of smaller scales between rows, especially on posterior half of body (vs not). Xiphinema sp. becomes more similar to X. brevisicum, but is separated from it by lower a value (53-67 vs 72.5-98), cˊ value (1.5-2 vs 2.2-3.1), greater odontostyle length (77-86 vs 57-65 μm) and shorter tail length (27-31 vs 35-47 μm). It also differs from other species of the genus and, hence, considered as an undescribed species.
Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture)
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
2588-5936
41
v.
1
no.
2018
1
10
https://plantprotection.scu.ac.ir/article_13187_21635268e321b251b2fe861aa0d82875.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppr.2017.20551.1297
Morphometric comparison of important morphological characteristics of Iranian honeybee Apis mellifera meda in Kurdistan province, Iran.
رضا
محمدی
گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی
author
جواد
ناظمی رفیع
دانشکاه کردستان، دانشکده کشاورزی، گروه گیاه پزشکی
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and Objectives
Nowadays, the first stage of breeding is determination of honeybee races. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) include 24 different subspecies. The most subspecies of A. mellifera have been classified according to morphological characteristics; thus morphological characteristics have an important role in the classification of honey bees. Morphometric comparison of important morphological characteristics of Iranian honeybee, Apis mellifera meda Skorikov, was determined in Kurdistan province. Sampling was conducted from Sanandaj, Dehgolan, Ghorveh, Divandareh, Saghez, Marivan, saravabad, baneh, Bijar and Kamyaran in 2013. Ten morphological characteristics were used for discriminating the population of honeybees. Results showed that honeybee population of Dehgolan area (altitude 1938.5 m, 35º 5´ 47º 36´) had the longest front wing (9.156 mm), hind leg (7.826 mm) and proboscis (6.356 mm). Correlations between morphological characteristics were evaluated. There was a correlation between characteristics of length and width of the right forewing (r2 =0.76, p <0.001), length of the forewing and proboscis (r2 =0.21, p <0.001) and lengths of proboscis and hind leg (r2 =0.27, p <0.001). Results indicated that Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) differentiated 63.33 % of ten populations.
Material and Methods
Samples were collected in 2013. Worker honeybees were preserved in pomple solution. Morphological characteristics including forewing and hind wing lengths, A4, D7, G18, cubital index, proboscis length, hind leg length, third and fourth abdominal segment lengths dorsally and Index of abdominal segment dorsally were measured. The data was analyzed by MANOVA. Dendrogram was drawn by UPGMA method.
Results
Results showed that samples of Dehgolan, Divandareh and Sarvabad were discriminated from other populations. Analyses of cluster of ten morphological characteristics segregated ten sampled populations to four groups. In addition, Dehgolan area had the longest front wing (9.156 mm), hind leg (7.826 mm) and proboscis (6.356 mm) lengths. Comparisons of samples demonstrated that honey bee subspecies was A.m.meda.
Discussion
A. mellifera subspecies contain different ecotypes, so they can be used as important sources in breeding. Honeybee subspecies of A.m.meda is native of Iran. This subspecies is distributed in different geographical areas of Iran. Unfortunately, some beekeepers import exotic subspecies such as A.m.carnica illegally. Imports of these subspecies have caused to create hybrid subspecies. Indigenous populations of honeybees are considered as genetic resources and much effort should be made to preserve these populations.
Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture)
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
2588-5936
41
v.
1
no.
2018
37
47
https://plantprotection.scu.ac.ir/article_13289_21ce907c6ff9d5752fe771b784ae8139.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppr.2017.19707.1286
Olfactory responses of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hem.: Psyllidae) to chemical compounds Gamma-butyrolactone and Methyl salicylate in laboratory conditions
Amin
Moghbeli Gharaei
Department of Crop Protection, Agriculture College, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
author
Mahdi
Ziaaddini
Department of Crop Protection, Agriculture College, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
author
Mohammad Amin
Jalali
Department of Crop Protection, Agriculture College, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and Objective
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hem.: Psyllidae), is one of the most destructive pests of citrus because of its ability to vector the causal bacterial pathogen of citrus greening disease. This is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus worldwide. Feeding on citrus by Asian citrus psyllid also induces release of Methyl salicylate (MeSA), suggesting that it may be a cue revealing location of conspecifics on host plants. MeSA is a ubiquitous aromatic ester that is a well-known plant stress signal and enhances defense against herbivores with repellent properties. Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) is a primary component of the volatile ingredients in the female sex pheromone of the D. citri. The ability to decrypt plant volatiles is essential for herbivorous insects for their choice of host plants and mating partners and oviposition hosts. D. citri is an oligophagous insect with a host range restricted to plants in the Rutaceae family. That is why olfaction plays an important role in its host finding and selection process. The use of olfactory cues by adult psyllids in host plant selection has been reported in many olfactometer studies. In order to achieve the attractive and repellent compounds for pest management strategies against this pest, we investigated the effect of volatiles emitted from Synthetic GBL and MeSA on olfactory response of D.citri in laboratory bioassays.
Materials and Methods
This study evaluated the olfactory responses of D. citri to chemical stimuli from seven concentrations of GBL and MeSA including 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 µg/ ml with individual release of 30 females and 30 males. The GBL and MeSA (>98% purity) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA) and diluted in dichloromethane. A glass Y-tube olfactometer was used in laboratory conditions (27±2°C, 60–80% RH, under a fluorescent 1600 lux light source, 14:10 (L:D) photocycle period and constant airflow of 300 ml/min).
Results
The results revealed that a significant proportion of male D. citri were attracted to GBL at the 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 µg/ ml concentrations. But female D. citri showed no response to odors emanating from this compound. The results also indicated that a significant proportion of male and female D. citri were attracted to MeSA at the 0.01 µg concentration. However MeSA at the concentration 1000 µg/ ml was repellent for psyllids. Other concentrations (0.001, 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 µg/ ml) did not attract or repel the male and female D. citri.
Discussion
In this study, results showed that GBL at high concentrations is attractive only for male insects. These results indicate the role of GBL as a sex pheromone in attracting male insects. Feeding by herbivores induces the production of MeSA, so that this compound is often found among the volatile compounds of plants damaged by herbivores. MeSA plays a role in plant defense against herbivores by either repelling herbivores or by attracting biological control agents. The results of this study show that, probably, release of MeSA by host plants at low concentrations (0.01 μg), can be a cue of the presence of conspecific for D. citri in the early stages of host finding. With increasing infestation of host plants and increasing MeSA concentration, this compound repels the insects and that this method is considered a defensive tool for the plant. It is also possible that increasing the concentration of MeSA for the insect has this cue that if attracted, it will encounter a high population of conspecifics and the insect would not be attracted to high concentrations in order to avoid potential competition for food sources. Evaluation of chemical compounds that are attractive or repellent to D. citri, can contribute to the improvement in integrated management projects against this pest.
Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture)
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
2588-5936
41
v.
1
no.
2018
11
22
https://plantprotection.scu.ac.ir/article_13290_f5af29dfb5c9c7f56507bd823ba64de8.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppr.2017.21942.1326
Biochemical characterization of digestive α-amylase and α-/β-glucosidases in the fall web worm, Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera:Arctidae)
moloud
gholamzadeh chitgar
Assistant Professor of Plant Protection Research Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari
author
mohammad
ghadamyari
Associate Professor of Department of Plant Protection, faculty of agricultural science, university of guilan, Rasht, Iran
author
behroz
kochaki
Former MSc student, department of plant protection, faculty of agricultural science, university of guilan, Rasht, Iran
author
jalal
jalali sendi
Associate Professor of Department of Plant Protection, faculty of agricultural science, university of guilan, Rasht, Iran
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and Objectives
Amylases and glucosidases are the major enzymes for carbohydrate digestion in herbivorous insects. Any interruption in enzymatic carbohydrate digestion and blocking of carbohydrases by inhibitors can deprive insect from utilizing the sources of carbohydrate energy efficiently. It can reduce insects’ survival and reproduction and retard their growth. The control strategies interfering with carbohydrate digestion are known to have been proposed as a practical and safe method for control of herbivorous pests. Therefore, in this research, enzymatic properties of α-amylase and α-/β-glucosidases from digestive system oflarvae of the fall web worm, Hyphantria cunea Drury were determined in order to better understand the nutritional physiology of the pest.
Materials and Methods
The α-amylase activity was determined with 1% (w/v) starch as substrate. Absorbance of product was measured at 540 nm with a Microplate Reader Model Stat Fax® 3200. The activities of α-/β-glucosidases were measured with pNαG (p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside) and pNβG (p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) as substrates, respectively. P-nitrophenol absorbance was measured at 405 nm. To obtain the optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme activity, various pH 4.0 to 12.0 and different temperatures ranging from 15 to 75ºC were examined. The enzymes activity was assayed in the presence of chemicals including EDTA, Hg2Cl2, ZnCl2, CoCl2, FeCl2, MgCl2, KCl, BaCl2, CaCl2 and MnCl2 at two concentrations of 10 and 20 mM. Electrophoresis was performed and the realized bands in the native gel were observed.
Results
The mean specific activities of α-amylase and α-/β-glucosidases in gut of fifth larval instar were obtained as 9.1, 3.6 and 6.8 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Maximum activity of α-amylase in salivary gland and gut of fifth instar larvae was at pH 10.0 and α/β-glucosidases in gut and hemolymph was at pH of 8, 7, 8 and 8, respectively. The optimal temperature of α-amylase in gut and salivary gland was at 55 and 45°C. The values for α and β-glucosidases in gut and hemolymph were 35, 45, 45 and 35°C, respectively. The highest inhibition effect of enzyme activity was caused by Na+ and Co2+ ions (at concentrations of 10 and 20 mM, respectively) on α-amylase activity, Fe2+ (concentration of 20 mM) on α-glucosidases activity and Mn2+ (concentration of 10 mM) on β-glucosidases activity. Mn2+ (at concentrations of 10 and 20 mM), Ba2+ (at concentration of 20 mM) and Mg2+ (at concentration of 10 mM)significantly increased the activity of α-amylase, α–glucosidase and β–glucosidase, respectively. The zymogram pattern showed the presence of 2 bands for α-amylase and α-/β-glucosidases in gut of fifth instar larvae of H. cunea.
Discussion
According to the results, α-amylase, α and β glucosidases are present in gut of larvae of H. cunea. These findings can be used in future research about using digestive enzymes inhibitors for management of H. cunea.
Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture)
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
2588-5936
41
v.
1
no.
2018
23
36
https://plantprotection.scu.ac.ir/article_13291_4bba7868853d399a9743d349d51f5d51.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppr.2017.21859.1327
Parasitic nematodes (Family: Hoplolaimidae) associated with ornamental palnts in Guilan Province
Mina
Allahmoradi
Department of Plant Protection, University of Guilan
author
سالار
جمالی
Academic staff
author
Akbar
Karegar Bideh
Department of Plant Protection, University of Shiraz
author
Seyed Abdollah
Mirhosseini Moghadam
Researcher at Ornamental Research Station of Lahijan
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and Objectives
Ornamental plants are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects, as houseplants, for cut flowers and specimen display. The cultivation of these, called floriculture, forms a major branch of horticulture. Nematodes are a diverse group of wormlike animals found in a number of habitats. Plant-parasitic nematodes are recognized as one of the greatest threats to crops throughout the world. Nematodes alone or in combination with other soil microorganisms have been found to attack almost every part of the plant including roots, stems, leaves, fruits and seeds. Hoplolaimidae is a family of plant parasitic nematodes. The common name, spiral nematode, is most often applied to nematodes in the genus Helicotylenchus, but it is also sometimes applied to other genera in the family Hoplolaimidae. These are called spiral nematodes because their bodies tend to curl into a spiral when the nematodes are relaxed or dead. The spiral nematodes have been reported in the worlds associated with various cultivated horticultural, agronomic, ornamental, and turfgrass plants.
Materials and Methodes
In order to identify the ornamental plants parasitic nematodes in Guilan province, 115 soil samples from rhizosphere of various species of ornamental plants in greenhouse and landscaping were collected from different parts, during the summer and fall in 2011-12. After extraction, fixation and transferring nematodes to anhydrous glycerol, the nematodes were mounted on permanent microscopic slides and nematode species were identified by using light microscope, equipped with drawing tube and digital camera, based on morphological and morphometric characters using valid identification keys.
Results
In this research, 7 nematode species belonging to Hoplolaimidae family including Helicotylenchus dihystera, H. erythrinae، H. exallus, H. Microlobus, H. Pseudorobustus, H. sharafati and Scutellonema brachyurus were indentified. Two species, H. pseudorobustus and H. sharafati were reported for the first time from Iran.
Discussion
H. microlobus is distinguished from close speciecs by lack of areolation on the tail, fusing of inner incisures of the lateral fields distally for about two annules and unclear phasmid. Distinguishable charatcters of H. Sharafati from close species are as below: less labial annules, angular spear knobs and differently shaped tail with characteristic endings of lateral fields. There is no measurement and description of H. erythrinae available in Iran so the description of this species is also illustrated.
Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture)
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
2588-5936
41
v.
1
no.
2018
49
61
https://plantprotection.scu.ac.ir/article_13536_c8e1fe970d6ae18d782946caa8eaa2d7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppr.2018.20236.1294
Comparison of biological characteristics and two-sex life table parameters of grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), on the 12 corn hybrids
Gadir
Nouri - Ganbalani
Professor
author
S. Mohadese
Mirnezhad
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
author
Asgar
Ebadollahi
Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
author
Seyed Ali Asghar
Fathi
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
author
Mozhgan
Mardani-talaee
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
author
text
article
2018
per
Grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier, is a cosmopolitan pest of stored products that it causes significant damages to the cereal grains. In the present study, the effect of 12 different maize hybrids including AR89, AS71, BC678, DC370, KSC260, KSC703, KSC704, KSC705, KSC400, PL72, SC71 and Simon on the biological characteristics and life table parameters of S. cerealella was assessed under laboratory conditions (25±1°C, 65±5% RH, and photoperiod of 12L: 12D h). The longest developmental time was evaluated on the hybrids PL72 (34.91 ± 0.24 days) and SC71 (34.39 ± 0.25 days) and its shortest value was achieved on the hybrids DC730 (27.08 ± 0.24 days), KSC704 (27.53 ± 0.45 days) and KSC260 (27.76 ± 0.28 days). The lowest and highest net reproductive rate (R0) of pest were observed on the hybrids PL72 (10.40 ± 0.09 female/female/generation) and DC 730 (28.06 ± 0.17 female/female/generation), respectively. The lowest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was calculated on the PL72 (0.060 ± 0.00023 day-1) and its highest amount was measured on DC370 (0.109 ± 0.00022 day-1). According to the results, among considered hybrids, PL72 was identified as the lowest suitable host for feeding of S. cerealella and it can be used in the integrated management of this pest.
Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture)
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
2588-5936
41
v.
1
no.
2018
63
74
https://plantprotection.scu.ac.ir/article_13537_8dbcf78bdedc0f3a1e3ca85d967e6752.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppr.2018.22907.1352
Lethal and sublethal effects of thiodicarb and hexaflumuron on egg parasitoid, Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko under laboratory conditions
Ali
Afshari
Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
author
Elham
Hamzepour Chenari
Former M.Sc. student of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
author
Ali
Iraji
Former B.Sc. student of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Protection, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
author
Mohsen
Asghari Larimi
Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran.
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and Objectives
Conservation of the natural enemies is an important approach to develop a biological control program. Knowledge of the side-effects of insecticides on parasitoids and using reduced-risk chemicals is a principal tool for integrating biological and chemical methods to pest management in agricultural ecosystems. Because of the important role of Trichogramma brassicae in lepidopteran pests control in agricultural ecosystems of Iran, this study was carried out to investigate lethal and sublethal effects of three concentrations of two insecticides, thiodicarb and hexaflumuron on this parasitoid under laboratory conditions.
Materials and Methods
Thiodicarb was prepared at three concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 ppm and hexaflumuron was prepared at concentrations of 250, 500 and 750 ppm, and their effects were assessed through three exposure methods, including contaminating adult’s food (honey solution 10%) with insecticides, adult’s residual contact, and dipping parasitized (in prepupa stage of parasitoid) and unparasitized host eggs into insecticide solutions. Lethal effects on adult and immature stages of parasitoid and some sublethal effects such as male and female longevity and mean of daily oviposition were assessed for each insecticide/concentration.
Results
Thiodicarb at all three concentrations and in both oral and contact exposure method caused 100% mortality in both male and female adults. Dipping parasitized host eggs in 1000 ppm concentration of thiodicarb caused 87.3% mortality in wasp prepupa population. In contrast, 750 ppm hexaflumuron in oral and contact exposure methods caused 30.2 and 30.54% mortality in adult female population, respectively and 60.55% mortality in wasp prepupa. Dipping unparasitized host eggs in highest concentration of thiodicarb and hexaflumuron resulted in 55.8 and 43.6% reductions in parasitism rate, respectively. Dipping unparasitized host eggs into both insecticide solutions reduced their parasitism significantly. Hexaflumuron in both oral and contact bioassay tests reduced significantly male and female longevity and mean of oviposition, but there was no significant difference among three concentrations of this insecticide.
Discussion
According to the "total effect" and IOBC categories of toxicity, thiodicarb was found to be a "harmful" insecticide in both oral and contact exposure methods. Therefore, its application is not recommended in fields. Lethal effect of hexaflumuron was significantly lower than thiodicarb, categorized as a "slightly harmful" and "moderately harmful" insecticide in oral and contact exposure methods, respectively. However, because of high total effect of hexaflumuron on T. brassicae, using other less-toxic insecticides is recommended in IMP programs of lepidopteran pests, especially cotton boll worm.
Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture)
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
2588-5936
41
v.
1
no.
2018
75
89
https://plantprotection.scu.ac.ir/article_13538_acb4c02e50cf94584b2e364ecca2d5d1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppr.2018.22709.1349