p. 1−18
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p. 19−33
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=0.05 using SPSS software version 16. Results and Discussion Results indicated that initial and delayed mortality increased by raising concentration levels and exposing time to each concentration in all experiments. In all cases, the small larvae of T. granarium were more sensitive than large larvae. Deltamethrin, followed by chlorpyrifos, was the most toxic to the larvae of T. granarium. Due to our findings, the mortality was dramatically higher in galvanized steel than the mosaic one. It could be attributed to the steel's flat surface, reducing insecticide residues' absorbance within the surface. Moreover, the insecticidal efficacy of nanosilica loaded with insecticides was significantly greater than the application of insecticides without nanosilica. Utilizing nanoparticles, we found an increase in the ratio of surface area to volume of insecticides, resulting in more insect contact to insecticide particles and eventually improved the mortality rate of insecticide. Conclusion It is therefore concluded that the application of loaded insecticides in silica nanoparticles significantly increased T. granarium larvae's mortality rate. Furthermore, silica nanoparticles can be introduced as the carrier of insecticides to control T. granarium in the stored wheat efficiently. Besides, deltamethrin loaded SNPs is potentially recommended as one capable component that can be effectively conducted during pest management programs in terms of stored products pest control. ]]>
p. 35−47
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p. 49−61
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p. 63−80
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. pistaciae. Discussion Two days after application of the treatments, a significant difference was observed in the spirotetramat plus additives of Thymol soap, and pH-reducing Citral soap compared to spirotetramat alone. Because, the spirotetramat has a delaying effect, on 7, 14, and 21 days after application of the treatments, there was no significant difference between spirotetramat and spirotetramat plus additives in terms of reducing population density of the nymphs of A. pistaciae. The results showed that additives of Jonobegan spraying soap , Thymol soap ,and pH-reducing pH Citral soap could not increase the effect of spirotetramat significantly on 7, 14 ,and 21 days after application of the treatments. On 7 and 14 days after the intervention, the effect of spirotetramat in combination with pH-reducing Citral soap was significantly more than spirotetramat combined with Thymol soap and Jonobegan spraying soap. Also, it should be mentioned that all the treatments were harmless for parasitoid wasp, p < /em>. pistaciae.]]>
p. 81−96
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