Effect of silicon salts on physiological changes in broad bean infected by Rhizoctonia solani

Document Type : Research paper-Persian

Authors

1 M.Sc. graduate of, Shiraz University

2 Professor, Shiraz University

3 Ph.D. candidate of Plant Pathology, Shiraz University

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Silicon is the most common soil element which has beneficial effects to enhance the tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. The addition of silicon to plant nutrient solution decreases sodium concentration, increases plant growth, has positive effects on plant reproduction, and increases mechanical resistance.  Also, silicon affects absorption and translocation of several macro- as well as micronutrient elements and imposes the formation of precipitates under cuticle reduces plant transpiration, and causes resistance to stresses such as side effects of excessive phosphorus and heavy metals (high concentration of manganese and aluminum) or salinity. Furthermore, silicon salts can significantly reduce the diseases in broad bean by reducing the percentage of root colonization and plant death, as well as decreasing root rot compared to controls. Silicon salts such as sodium and potassium silicate cause significant reduction in growth, asexual organ reproduction, and dry weight of hyphae, and prevent cysts' germination in some plant pathogens such as Phytophthora species. The application of silicon salts before and after inoculation of sterilized soil with Phytophthora pistaciae significantly reduces the disease by reducing the percentage of colonized roots and the broad bean's mortality. In this study, in vivo activities of sodium and potassium silicate in controlling Rhizoctonia solani were evaluated.
Material and Methods
Studying the effect of sodium silicate (0.5 mM) and potassium silicate (2 mM) to increase the resistance of broad bean against R. solani a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with salt treatments before and after inoculation was conducted. The level of catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, proline, total protein, and carbohydrates in plants, as well as pH and the electrical conductivity of soil were examined.
Results
The results showed that silicon salts might enhance broad bean resistance to R. solani by increasing the level of catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and total protein and decreasing proline. None of the salts had any effects on the level of the plants' carbohydrate content and pH, and the electrical conductivity of soil. As a result, controlling the pathogen is not directly affected by soil pH.
Discussion
Due to the results, it can be concluded that the role of silicon salts in promoting broad been tolerance could be due to increasing the activities of the antioxidant enzymes which in turn reduced the oxidative damages of reactive oxygen species produced under disease stress. 

Keywords

References

Abbas, T., Balal, R.M., Shahid, M.A., Pervez, M.A., Ayyub, C.M., Aqueel, M.A., and Javaid, M.M. 2015. Silicon-induced alleviation of NaCl toxicity in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is associated with enhanced photosynthesis, osmoprotectants and antioxidant metabolism. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 37: 1-15.
Abili, J., and Zare, S. 2014. Evaluation of antioxidant enzymes activity in canola under salt stress.  International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 3: 767-771.
Adatia, M.H., and Besford, R. T. 1986. The effects of silicon on cucumber plants grown in recirculating nutrient solution. Annals of Botany, 58: 343-351.
Ahmad, R., Zaheer, S.H., and Ismail, S. 1992. Role of silicon in salt tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Science, 85: 43-50.
Azimi, S., Farokhinezhad, R., and Mosavijaraf, A. 2005. Isolation and pathogenicity of some anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia associated with faba bean root and crown in Khuzestan province. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 41: 329-343.
Bates, L.S. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
Bekker, T.F. 2007. Efficacy of water-soluble silicon for control of Phytophthora cinnamomi root rot of avocado. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
Bergmann, H., Lippmann, B., Leinhos, V., Tiroke, S., and Machelett, B. 1999. Activation of stress resistance in plants and consequences for product quality. Angewandte Botanik, 73: 153-161.
Bishop, D.L., Chatterton, N.J., Harrison, P.A., and Hatfield, R.D. 2002. Changes in carbohydrate partitioning and cell wall remodeling with stress-induced pathogenesis in wheat sheets. Physiological and Plant Pathology, 61: 53-63.
Bolwell, P., Bindschedler, L., Blee, V., Butt, A., Dwei, R., Gardner, S., Gerrish, C., and Minibayeva, F. 2002. The apoplastic oxidative berst in response to biotic stress in plants: a three-component system. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53: 1367-1376.
Bradbury, M., and Ahmad, R. 1990. The effect of silicon on the growth of Prosopis juliflora growing in saline soil. Plant and Soil, 125: 71-74.
Bradford, M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantization of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72: 248-254.
Chance, B., and Maehly, A.C. 1955. Assay of catalases and peroxidases. Methods in Enzymologist, 11: 764-755.
Chen, C., Belanger, R.R., Benhamou, N., and Paulitz, T.C. 2000. Defense enzymes induced in cucumber roots by treatment with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Pythium aphanidermatum. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 56: 13-23.
Cherif, M., Asselin, A., and Belanger, R. 1994. Defense responses induced by soluble silicon in cucumber roots infected by Pythium spp. Phytopathology, 84: 236-242.
Claussen, W. 2005. Proline as a measure of stress in tomato plants. Plant Science, 168: 241-248.
Datnoff, L.E., Seebold, K.W., and Correa-Victoria, F.J. 2001. The use of silicon for integrated disease management: Reducing fungicide applications and enhancing host plant resistance. In Datnoff, L.E., Snyder, G., and Korndorfer, G.H. (Eds.). Silicon in agriculture. Elsevier Science, The Netherlands. Pp. 171-184.
Deliopoulos, T., Kettlewell, P.S., and Hare, M.C. 2010. Fungal disease suppression by inorganic salts. Crop Protection, 29: 1059-1075.
Dhindsa, R.S., Plumb-Dhindsa, P., and Thorpe, T.A. 1981. Leaf senescence correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Journal of Experimental Botany, 32: 93-101.
Djocgoue, P.F., Mbouobda, H.D., Boudjeko, T.H., Effa, P.O., and Omokolo, D.N. 2011. Amino acids, carbohydrates and heritability of resistance in the Theobroma cacao/Phythophthora megakarya interaction. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 50: 370-383.
Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A., and Smith, F. 1956. Colorimetricmethod for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28: 350-356.
Fabro, G., Kovács, I., Pavet, V., Szabados, L., and Alvarez, M.E. 2004. Proline accumulation and AtP5CS2 gene activation are induced by plant-pathogen incompatible interactions in arabidopsis. The American Phytopathological Society, 17: 343-350.
Fauteuxet, F., Rémus-Borel, W., Menzies, J.G., and Bélanger, R.R. 2005. Silicon and plant disease resistance against pathogenic fungi. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 249: 1-6.
Gali, H.V., and Smith, C.C. 1992. Effect of silicon on growth, fertility, and mineral composition of an annual brome, Bromus secalinus L. (Gramineae). American Journal of Botany, 79: 1259-1263.
Ghanati, F., Morita, A., and Yokota, H. 2002. Induction of suberin and increase of liginin content by exess Boron in Tabacco cell. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 48: 357-364.
Grote, D., Schmidt, R., and Claussen, W. 2006. Water uptake and proline index as indicators of predisposition in tomato plants to Phytophthora nicotianae infection as influenced by abiotic stresses. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 69: 121-130.
Guntzer, F., Keller, C., and Meunier, J.D. 2011. Benefits of plant silicon for crops. Agronomy for Sustainable Agriculture, 32: 201-213.
Hacquard, S., Kracher, B., Hiruma, K., Münch, P.C., Garrido-Oter, R., Thon, M.R., and Henrissat, B. 2016. Survival trade-offs in plant roots during colonization by closely related beneficial and pathogenic fungi. Nature communications, 7(1): 1-13.
Hajipour, H., and Jabbarzadeh, Z. 2016. Effect of foliar application of silicon on physiological responses of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema × grandiflorum) at two different growth stages. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 6(1): 39-47.
Hammerschmidt, R., and Kuć, J. 1982. Lignification as a mechanism for induced systemic resistance in cucumber. Physiological Plant Pathology, 20: 61-71.
Horiguchi, T. 1988. Mechanism of manganese toxicity and tolerance of plants. IV. Effects of silicon on alleviation of manganese toxicity of rice plants. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 34: 65-73.
Hossain, M.T., Mori, R., Soga, K., Wakabayashi, K., Kamisaka, S., Fujii, S., Yamamoto, R., and Hoson, T. 2002. Growth promotion and an increase in cell wall extensibility by silicon in rice and some other Poaceae seedlings. Plant Research, 115: 23-27.
Hsieh, T.H., Lee, J.T., Charng, Y.Y., and Chan, M.T. 2002. Tomato plants ectopically expressing Arabidopsis CBF1 show enhanced resistance to water deficit stress. Plant Physiology, 130: 618-626.
Iwasaki, K., Maier, P., Fecht, M., and Horst, W.J. 2002. Leaf apoplastic silicon enhances manganese tolerance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Plant Physiology, 159: 167-173.
Jones, L., and Handreck, K. 1967. Silica in soils, plants, and animals. Advances in Agronomy, 19: 107-149.
Khelifa, S., M’Hamdi, M., Rejeb, H., Belbahri, L., and Souayeh, N. 2011. Relation between catalase activity, salt stress and urban environment in Citrus aurantium L. Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 3: 186-189.
Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H., Mohaghegh, P., Sharifnabi, B., Shirvani, M., and Khalili, B. 2012. Silicon nutrition and Phytophthora drechsleri infection effects on growth and mineral nutrients concentration, uptake, and relative translocation in hydroponic-grown cucumber. Plant Nutrition, 35: 1168-1179.
Kosuge, T. 1969. The role of phenolics in host response to infection. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 7: 195-222.
Kuznetsov, V.L.V., and Shevyakova, N.I. 1999. Proline under stress: Biological role, metabolism, and regulation. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 46: 274-286.
Lehrer, R.I. 1969. Antifungal effects of peroxidase systems. Journal of Bacteriology, 99: 361-365.
Liu, J.J., and Ekramoddoullah, A.K. 2006. The family 10 of plant pathogenesis-related proteins: their structure, regulation, and function in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 68: 3-13.
Lobato, A.K.S., Gonçalves-Vidigal, M.C., Filho, P.S.V., Costa, R.C.L., Cruz, F.J.R., Santos, D.G.C., Silva, C.R., Silva, L.I., and Sousa, L.L. 2008. Changes in photosynthetic pigment and carbohydrate content in common bean cultivars infected by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Plant, Soil and Environment,55: 58-61.
Macko, V., Woodbury, W., and Stahmann, M.A. 1968. Effect of peroxidase on germination and growth of mycelium of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Phytopathology, 58: 1250.
Marschner, H., Oberle, H., Cakmak, I., and Romheld, V. 1990. Growth enhancement by silicon in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) depends on imbalance on phosphorus and zinc supply. Plant and Soil, 124: 211-219.
Mills, A.A.S., Platt, H.W., and Hurta, R.A.R. 2004. Effect of salt compounds on mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination of various potato pathogens. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 34: 341-350.
Mohaghegh, P., Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H.,and Shirvani, M. 2011. Effect of silicon nutrition on oxidative stress induced by Phytophthora melonis infection in cucumber. Plant Disease, 95: 455-460.
Mohammadi, A., and Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R. 2018. Effect of silicon salts on physiological changes in broad bean infected by Phytophthora pistaciae. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 41:61-73.
Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R., Hussaini, K., and Ghasemi-Fasaei, R. 2017. Activity of two silicon salts in controlling the pistachio gummosis-inducing pathogen, Phytophthora pistaciae. Australasian Plant Pathology, 46: 323–332.
Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R.,Hussaini, K., and Ghasemi-Fasaei, R. 2018. Effects of calcium salts in controlling Phytophthora pistaciae, the causal agent of pistachio gummosis. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 151: 475-485.
Moussa, H.R. 2006. Influence of exogenous application of silicon on physiological response of salt-stressed maize (Zea mays L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 8: 293-297.
Murthy, K.N., Uzma, F., and Srinivas, C.C. 2014. Induction of systemic resistance in tomato against Ralstonia solanacearum by Pseudomonas fluorescens. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5: 1799-1811.
Raj, S.N., Sarosh, B.R., and Shetty, H.S. 2006. Induction and accumulation of polyphenol oxidase activities as implicated in development of resistance against pearl millet downy mildew disease. Functional Plant Biology, 33: 563-571.
Raven, J.A. 1983. The transport and function of silicon in plants. Biological Reviews, 58: 179-207.
Retig, N. 1974. Changes in peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase associated with natural and induced resistance of tomato to Fusarium wilt. Physiological Plant Pathology, 4: 145-150.
Rhoades, J.D. 1996. Salinity: electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In Sparks, D.L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A., Loeppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnston, C.T., and Sumner, M.E. (Eds.). Methods of soil analyses. Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy. USA. Pp. 417-435.
Sabahi, F., and Banihashemi, Z. 2015. Identification of anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia sp. from soil and organic materials in ornamental landscapes in Shiraz. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 51: 555-561.
Sabbaghpour, S.H. 2004. Determination of suitable sowing date for faba bean c.v. Barakat for double cropping of cotton and faba bean. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 6: 1-3.
SAS Institute. 1999. SAS Users Guide. SAS institute Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Savant, N.K., Datnoff, L.E., and Snyder, G.H. 1997a. Depletion of plant‐available silicon in soils: A possible cause of declining rice yields. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 28: 1245-1252.
Savant, N.K., Snyder, C.H., and Datnoff, L.E. 1997b. Silicon management and sustainable rice production. Advances in Agronomy, 58: 151-199.
Tale Ahmad, S., and Haddad, R. 2011. Study of silicon effects on antioxidant enzyme activities and osmotic adjustment of wheat under drought stress. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 47: 17-27.
Van Loon, L.C. 2007. Plant responses to plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 119: 243-254.
Veeranagamallaiah, G., Jyothsnakumari, G., Thippeswamy, M., Reddy, P.C.O., Surabhi, G.K., Sriranganayakulu, G., Mahesh, Y., Rajasekhar, B., Madhurarekha, C., and Sudhakar, C. 2008. Proteomic analysis of salt stress responses in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. cv. Prasad) seedlings. Plant Science, 175: 631-641.
Vidhyasekaran, P., and Kandasamy, D. 1972. Carbohydrate metabolism of Phaseolus aureus infected with obligate and facultative parasites. Indian Phytopathology,25: 48.
Wang, Y., Stass, A., and Horst, W.J. 2004. Apoplastic binding of aluminum is involved in silicon-induced amelioration of aluminum toxicity in maize. Plant Physiology, 136: 3762-3770.
Williams, D.E., and Vlamis, J. 1957. The effect of silicon on yield and manganese-54 uptake and distribution in the leaves of barley grown in culture solutions. Plant Physiology, 32: 404-409.
Yoshida, S., Nasavero, S.A., and Ramirez, E.A. 1969. Effect of silica and nitrogen supply on some leaf characters of the rice plant. Plant and Soil, 31: 48-56.
Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture)
Volume 43, Issue 2
September 2020
Pages 63-80

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics