بررسی کارآیی ژن‌های مقاومت نسبت به Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici عامل بیماری زنگ سیاه گندم در استان اردبیل

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی-فارسی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، بخش تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اردبیل، ایران

2 دانشیار، بخش تحقیقات بیماری‌های گیاهی، موسسه تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

3 مربی، بخش تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اردبیل، ایران

چکیده

عامل بیماری زنگ سیاه گندم (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) یکی از بیماری‌های مهم گندم در ایران است که خسارت سنگینی را در سال‌های شیوع بیماری می‌­تواند وارد نماید. در چند سال اخیر نژادی از قارچ عامل بیماری به نام Ug99 و تغییر یافته‌­های آن ظهور یافته است که روی گیاهان حامل اغلب ژن‌های مقاومت موجود در ارقام تجاری گندم، بیماری‌زا می‌باشند. با توجه به این که این ژن‌ها در منابع مقاومت به  Ug99به‌طور وسیع در مناطق گندم‌کاری ایران استفاده می‌گردد، لازم است وضعیت تغییرات ژنتیکی این قارچ به‌طور مداوم بررسی شود تا از ارقام مقاوم مناسب استفاده گردد. برای این منظور 56 لاین افتراقی که از کشور کانادا تهیه شده بود، در مزرعه و تحت شرایط طبیعی در استان اردبیل هر لاین در دو ردیف یک متری در فصل پاییز کشت شدند و هر ده روز یک بار پای بوته‌ها به طریق غرقابی آبیاری شد تا شرایط بهینه برای توسعه بیماری مهیا گردد. مطابق با نتایج، در هر دو سال بیماری به خوبی در خزانه مستقر شد. گیاهان حامل ژن SrMcN حساس‌ترین ژن نسبت به زنگ سیاه گندم بود و بقیه گیاهان حامل ژن‌های نیمه مقاوم تا حساس بودند. در سال دوم نیز بیماری بخوبی ظاهر شد. گیاهان حامل ژن‌های SrMcN، Sr9h و Sr42 حساس‌ترین ژن‌ها بودند، اما گیاهان حامل ژن‌­های Sr24 وSr47  مقاوم بودند که برای ایجاد ارقام مقاوم به زنگ سیاه در ایران توصیه می­‌گردند. هم‌چنین از گیاهان حامل ژن‌های Sr31،Sr26  ، Sr27 و Sr28 که مقاومت نسبتاً خوبی نسبت به زنگ سیاه داشتند می­‌توان در ترکیب با ژن‌های Sr24 وSr47  در تولید ارقام مقاوم به زنگ سیاه استفاده نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluating efficacy of resistance genes to Puccinia Graminis f.sp. Tritici, as the cause of wheat stem rust disease in Ardabil province (Northwestern Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • H. karbalaee Khiavi 1
  • M. Razavi 2
  • Y. Rashidi Dodkesh 3
1 Assistant Professor, Plant Protection Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ardabil, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Plant Pathology Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, AREEO, Tehran, Iran
3 Instructor, Plant Protection Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ardabil, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives
 The stem rust of wheat (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) is one of the most important diseases of wheat in Iran causing severe yield loss in some years in the case of favourable condition for disease epidemic. In the recent years, a new race of stem rust (Ug99) and its new variants have been emerged, which are virulent on most resistance genes, such as Sr31, Sr38, etc., and have potential to spread rapidly and cause severe yield loss. The Ug99 race was first reported in 2009 from Lorestan and Hamadan provinces of Iran.
Materials and Methods
Results of a recent study conducted during 2011-2013 in Iran showed virulence on Sr36, Sr38, SrMcN and SrTmp genes and since, these genes have been used widely in genotypes resistant to Ug 99, there is a possibility of breakdown of these genes in Iran. Therefore, genetic variability of pathogen should be continuously investigated and resistance sources should be developed based on this information. For achieving this aim, 56 stem rust differential cultivars/lines obtained from the Cereal Research Center, Manitoba State, in Canada were planted in Ardabil Province, northwestern Iran under natural field conditions. The seeds of each cultivar/line were planted in two rows with 1 m of length and were irrigated every 10 days to promote disease development. Disease severity and type of infection of each cultivar/line were recorded based on the standard protocol at late flowering stage.
Results and Discussion
In the first year, the disease was developed only in Ardabil region. The SrMcN gene was the most susceptible gene, however, there was no virulence on Sr5, Sr21, Sr9e, Sr7b, Sr11, Sr6, Sr36, Sr9b, Sr30, Sr9a, Sr9d, Sr24, Sr31, Sr38, Sr8b, Sr9h, Sr12, Sr16, Sr19, Sr20, Sr22, Sr26, Sr27, Sr28, Sr32, Sr37, Sr39, Sr40, Sr41, Sr42, Sr43, Sr44, Sr45, Sr47, Sr50 ,and Sr53 genes. Other genes were moderately susceptible to virulence. In the second year, the disease was also developed.  SrMcN, Sr9h, and Sr42 genes were the most susceptible genes. However, no virulence was observed on Sr24 and Sr47 genes. The genes of Sr31 and Sr36 were resistant and susceptible, respectively. It seems that Sr36 and Sr38 genes have no potential to be used in breeding for achieving resistance against stem rust disease in Iran. However, Sr24 and Sr47 genes, which were resistant in the study area, are recommended to be incorporated in breeding wheat for obtaining resistance against stem rust disease. In addition, Sr31, Sr26, Sr27, and Sr28 genes, which were relatively resistant in most areas, were found to have potential to be combined with Sr24 and Sr47 genes in wheat breeding programs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Stem Rust
  • Wheat
  • Resistance Genes
  • Pathogenicity
Afshari, F. 2013. Genetics of pathogenicity of wheat stem rust pathogen (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) and reaction of wheat genotypes to the disease. Iranian journal of plant protection science, 43: 357-365 (In Farsi with English Abstract).
Afshari, F., Aghaee, M., Jalal Kamali, M.R., Roohparvar, R., Malihipour, A., Khodarahmi, M., Ebrahimnejad, Sh., Aghnum, R., Chaichi, M., Dadrezaei, S.T., Dalvand, M., Dehghan, M.A., Zakeri, A.K., Shahbazi, K., Safari, S.A., Tabatabaei, N., Atahoseini, M., Nabati, E., Hooshyar, R., Yasaei, M., Nasrollahi, M., Mehrabi, R., Ghaffary, T., Hashemi, M., Patpour, M., and Bayat, Z. 2015. Surveillance and Pgt race analysis in Iran. Surveillance and Pgt race analysis in Iran, 2014. Poster presented at Borlaug Global Rust Initiative Technical Workshop, 17‐20 September 2015, Sydney, Australia.
Bamdadian, A., and Torabi, M. 1978. Epidemiology of wheat stem rust in southern areas of Iran in 1976. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 14: 14-19 (In Farsi).
Hudson, D. 2016. Surveys in Azerbaijan and Iraq indicate increasing presence of stem rust, from http://rusttracker.cimmyt.org/?p=7065.
Jafari, H. 2016. Final report of the project for preparing the distribution map of wheat stem rust in different regions of the country using GIS information system. Agricultural Information Technology Information Center. Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization, 32 pp (In Farsi).
Jin, Y., Szabo, L.J., Rouse, M.N., Fetch, T.J., Pretorius, Z.A., Wanyera, R., and Njau, P. 2009. Detection of virulence to resistance gene Sr36 within the TTKS race lineage of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Disease, 93: 367-370.
Karimi Jashni, M., Razavi, M., and Mahdavi Amiri, M. 2019. Investigation of physiological strains of wheat stem rust in Iran. The First Congress of Plant Pathology of Iran, Karaj, Iran. 374-375 pp.
Knott, D.R. 1989. The wheat rusts: Breeding for resistance. Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Pp:38-49.
Mcfadden, E.S. 1930. A successful transfer of emmer characteristics to vulgare wheat. Journal of American Society of Agronomy, 22: 1020-1034.
McIntosh, R.A., Hart, G.E., Devos, K.M., Gale, M.D., and Rogers, W.J. 1998. Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat. In: Slinkard A.E., Editor. Proceedings of the 9th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, 2-7 August 1998, Saskatoon. Canada, 5: 1-235.
Nazari, K., Mafi, M., Yahyaoui, A., Singh, R.P., and Park, R.F. 2009. Detection of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) race TTKSK (Ug99) in Iran. Plant Disease, 93(3): 317.
Newcomb, M., Olivera, P.D., Rouse, M.N., Szabo, L.J., Johnson, J., Sam, G., Douglas, G. L., Ruth, W., Godwin, M., Sridhar, B., David, H., Mehran, P., Mogens, S. H., Thomas, G. F., and Yue, J.  2016. Kenyan isolates of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici from 2008-2014: Virulence to SrTmp in the Ug99 race group and implications for breeding programs. Phytopathology, 106:729-736.
Okhovvat, M., and zad, J. 2005. Mycology and fungal diseases of plants. Ayizh Publication, Tehran. (In Farsi).
Omrani, A., Aharizad, S., Roohparvar, R., Khodarahmi, M., and Toorchi, M. 2018. Virulence factors of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) isolates and identification of resistance sources in CIMMYT wheat synthetic genotypes. Journal of Crop Breeding, 27 (10): 84-93 (In Farsi with English Abstract).
Peterson, R.F., Campbll, A.B., and Hannah, A.E. 1948. A diagrammatic scale for estimating rust intensity of leaves and stem of cereal. Canadian Journal of Research Section, 26: 496-500.
Sharif, gh., Bamdadian, A., and Danesh Pazhouh, B. 1970. Physiological strains of buckwheat rust in Iran from 1965 to 1970. Plant Diseases, 4 (6): 73-101 (In Farsi).
Singh, R.P., Hodson, D.P., Jin, Y., Huerta- Espino, J., Kinyua, M.G. Wanyera, R., Njau, P., and Ward, R.W. 2006. Current status, likely migration and strategies to mitigate the threat to wheat production from race Ug99 (TTKS) of stem rust pathogen. Nutrition and natural Resources, 1: 54.
Singh, R.P., Hodson, D.P., Jin, Y., Lagudah, E.S., Ayliffe, M.A., Bhavani, S., Rouse, M.N., Pretorius, Z.A., Szabo L.J., Huerta-Espino, J., Basnet, B.R., Lan, C., and Hovmøller, M.S. 2015. Emergence and spread of new races of wheat stem rust fungus: Continued threat to food security and prospects of genetic control. Phytopathology, 105: 872-884.
Sunderwirth, S.D., and Roelfs, A.P. 1980. Greenhouse characterization of the adult plant resistance of Sr2 to wheat stem rust. Phytopathology, 70:634-637.
Szabo, L.J., Christina, A., and Park, R. 2014. Puccinia graminis. In: Dean, R.A. et al. (Eds.). Genomics of Plantassociated Fungi: Monocot Pathogens, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, outside the USA, pp. 177-196.