Reaction severity and infection symptoms in citrus cultivars susceptible to citrus yellow vein clearing virus in the greenhouse conditions

Document Type : Research paper-Persian

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Genetic and Breeding Department, Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Ramsar, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture Science, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran

3 M.Sc. Graduate of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture Science, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Genetic and Breeding Department, Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Ramsar, Iran

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV), is the causal agent of a significant and devastating disease that has spread in Iran and a number of countries in the region in recent years. In order to identify susceptible and tolerant cultivars for disease management, the reaction of a number of commercial citrus cultivars from the groups of orange, mandarin, grapefruit, citron, tangelo, pomelo, kumquat, lime and lemons was investigated after inoculation in the greenhouse conditions. The relative susceptibility of the cultivars was then determined according to the severity of the symptoms.
Materials and Methods
The buds of 19 commercial citrus cultivars of the country including Thomson navel orange, Valencia sweet orange, Moro blood orange, Siavaraz local orange, Clementine mandarin, Ponkan mandarin, Page mandarin, Satsuma mandarin, Sour orange, Sweet lime, Eureka lemon, Persian lime, Mexican lime, Flame grapefruit, Redblush grapefruit, Mineola tangelo, Etrog citron, Pummelo and Kumquat were propagated on sour orange rootstocks and the plants were simultaneously graft inoculated with a CYVCV isolate (Gene Bank number: KX902488). In order to confirm the infection, the total RNA of the symptomatic plants was extracted by SDS-Potassium acetate method. A two-step Reverse Transcription Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out using a specific primer pair of the virus coat protein (CP) gene. The reaction of the inoculated plants was monitored under greenhouse conditions with controlled temperature.
Results
14 cultivars susceptible to citrus yellow vein clearing were detected based on the appearance of four types of symptoms in the inoculated plants including yellowing of the lateral veins on the upper surface of young leaves (symptoms type A), corresponding water soaked areas under the young leaves (symptoms type B), wrinkling of the old leaves (symptoms type C) and leaf spots on the old leaves (symptoms type D). These cultivars were classified into three groups with high, medium and low susceptibility according to the symptom severity. No symptoms were found in tolerant cultivars of Sweet lime, Mexican lime, Page mandarin and two grapefruit cultivars up to one year after inoculation. Descriptive grouping of frequency, severity and stability of symptoms was consistent with cluster analysis based on Euclidean Ward distance coefficient.
Discussion
The management of citrus yellow vein clearing disease is based on preventive methods and the cultivation of resistant or tolerant cultivars instead of susceptible varieties. The results of the present study showed that Citrus yellow vein clearing virus has a wide host range and can infect different citrus species or groups. Sour orange, Eureka Lemon and Persian lime are the most susceptible hosts of the virus. Monitoring of four typical symptoms of the disease is recommended for disease management in citrus nurseries and orchards.

Keywords


Afloukou, F. M., Çalişkan, F., & Önelge, N. )2021(. Aphis gossypii Glover is a vector of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 87, 83-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-020-00976-6
Alas, T., Baloglu, S., Caglar, B. K., & Gunes, A. (2019). Detection and characterization of citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV) and citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) in citrus trees from Cyprus. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26, 995-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.02.001
Alshami, A. A. A., Ahlawat, Y. S., & Pant, R. P. (2003). A hitherto unreported yellow vein clearing disease of citrus in India and its viral etiology. Indian Phytopathology, 56, 422-427. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.960.937&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Bani Hashemian, S. M., & Aghajanzadeh, S. (2017). Occurrence of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus in citrus species in Iran. Journal of Plant Pathology, 99, 290. http://www.sipav.org/main/jpp/index.php/jpp/article/view/3849
Bani Hashemian, S. M. (2019). New natural hosts of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus in Iran. First Iranian Plant Pathology Congress, Karaj, 288-289. (In Farsi with English summary).
Bani Hashemian, S. M. & Aghajanzadeh, S. (2020). Identification of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus in Mazandaran province. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 43, 49-61. (In Farsi with English summary). 10.22055/ppr.2020.15997
Bernad, L., & Durán-Vila, N. (2006). A novel RT-PCR approach for detection and characterization of citrus viroids. Molecular and cellular probes, 20, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2005.11.001
Catara, A., Azzaro, A., Davino, M., & Polizzi, G. (1993). Yellow vein clearing of lemon in Pakistan. Proceedings of the 12th International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference, New Delhi, India, 364-367. 10.5070/C52v63f19n
Chen, H. M., Li, Z. A., Wang, X. F., Zhou, Y., Tang, K. Z., Zhou, C. Y., Zhao, X. Y., & Yue, J. Q. (2014). First report of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus on lemon in Yunnan, China. Plant Disease, 98, 1747. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-04-14-0343-PDN
Frison, E. A., & Taher, M. M. (Eds.). (1991). FAO/IBPGR Technical guidelines for the safe movement of citrus germplasm. FAO publication.
Golein, B., & Aduli, B. (2011). Citrus. Novin Poya press, Tehran. (In Farsi).
Grimaldi, V., & Catara, A. (1996). Association of a filamentous virus with yellow vein clearing of lemon. Proceedings of the 13th International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference, Fouzhou, China, 343-345. 10.5070/C56687x3ts
Iftikhar, Y., Iqbal, Z., Ahmed, S., Awan, A. R., Saleem, U., & Sarwar, G. (2010). Effect of environmental factors on yellow vein clearing virus incidence in lemon. Journal of Agricultural Research, 48, 87-92.
Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Shen, W., Li, R., Cao, M., Chen, L., Li, X., Zhou, C., & Zhou, Y. 2019. Development of a sensitive and reliable reverse transcription droplet digital PCR assay for the detection of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus. Archives of virology, 164, 691-697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01920-x
Liu, C., Liu, H., Hurst, J., Timko, M. P., & Zhou, C. (2020). Recent Advances on Citrus yellow vein clearing virus in Citrus. Horticultural Plant Journal, 6, 216-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2020.05.001
Loconsole, G., Önelge, N., Potere, O., Giampetruzzi, A., Bozan, O., Satar, S., De Stradis, A., Savino, V., Yokomi, R. K., & Saponari, M. (2012). Identification and characterization of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus, a putative new member of the genus Mandarivirus. Phytopathology, 102, 1168-1175. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PHYTO-06-12-0140-R
Lohrasbi, S., Bani Hashemian, S. M., & Seraji, A. (2018). Role of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus in the appearance of leaf spot in clementine mandarin. Proceedings of the 23rd Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Gorgan, 638-639. (In Farsi with English summary).
Meena, R. P., Prabha, K., & Baranwal, V. K. (2019). Genome characterization of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus: limited heterogeneity of viral genomes in Mandarivirus-infecting different citrus species. 3 Biotech, 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1876-4
Önelge, N. (2002). First report of yellow vein clearing of lemons in Turkey. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 32, 53-55.
Önelge, N., Satar, S., Elibüyük, Ö., & Bozan, O. (2011a). Citrus yellow vein clearing virus: A new aphid-transmitted citrus virus. Citrograph, 1, 22-24.
Önelge, N., Satar, S., Elibüyük, Ö., Bozan, O., & Kamberoolu, M. (2011b). Transmission studies on Citrus yellow vein clearing virus. Proceedings of the 18th International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 11-14. 10.5070/C54134f1xr
Roistacher, C. N. (1991). Graft-transmissible diseases of citrus: Handbook for detection and diagnosis. FAO publications.
Spiegel-Roy, P., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (Eds.). (1996). The biology of citrus. Cambridge university press.
Wu, G. A., Terol, J., Ibanez, V., López-García, A., Pérez-Román, E., Borredá, C., Domingo, C., Tadeo, F. R., Carbonell-Caballero, J., Alonso, R., Curk, F., Du, D., Ollitrault, P., Roose, M. L., Dopazo, J., Gmitter, F. G., Rokhsar, D. S., & Talon, M. (2018). Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus. Nature, 554, 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25447
Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Cao, M., Zhou, C., & Zhou, Y. (2018). Identification of Aphis spiraecola as a vector of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 152, 841-844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-1523-7
Zhang, Y. H., Liu, C. H., Wang, Q., Wang, Y. L., Zhou, C. Y., & Zhou, Y. (2019a). Identification of Dialeurodes citri as a vector of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus in China. Plant disease, 103, 65-68. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/full/10.1094/PDIS-05-18-0911-RE
Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., He, S., Li, X., & Zhou, Y. (2019b). Transmissibility of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus by contaminated tools. Journal of Plant Pathology, 101, 169-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-018-0141-8
Zhou, Y., Chen, H. M., Wang, X. F., Li, Z. A., Tang, M., & Zhou, C. Y. (2015). Lack of evidence for seed transmission of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus despite its frequent detection in seed tissues. Journal of Plant Pathology, 97, 1-3.
Zhou, Y., Chen, H. M., Cao, M. J., Wang, X. F., Jin, X., Liu, K. H., & Zhou, C. Y. (2017). Occurrence, distribution, and molecular characterization of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus in China. Plant disease, 101, 137-143. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/full/10.1094/PDIS-05-16-0679-RE
 © 2022 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/