گونه‌های شایع نماتدهای مولد زخم ریشه (Pratylenchus thornei و P. neglectus) در مزارع گندم و جو استان خوزستان و وضعیت آلودگی مزارع به آن‌ها

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی-فارسی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار بخش تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران

2 استاد بازنشسته موسسه تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی،سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

استان خوزستان جایگاه اول تولید گندم در کشور را دارد. نماتدهای مولد زخم ریشه (.Pratylenchus spp) از نماتدهای انگل گیاهی هستند که شامل چندین گونه نزدیک به هم بوده و دارای اهمیت اقتصادی روی غلات هستند. به منظور بررسی وجود آنها در طی اواخر دوره داشت سال‌های 90-1387، 200 نمونه خاک و ریشه از مزارع گندم و جو استان جمع‌آوری و نسبت به آلودگی به نماتدهای مولد زخم ریشه بررسی شدند. براساس نتایج، 37 درصد از مزارع گندم بررسی شده در شهرستان‌های امیدیه، اندیکا، اندیمشک، اهواز، ایذه، باغملک، بهبهان، دزفول، دشت‌آزادگان، رامشیر، رامهرمز، شادگان، شوش، شوشتر، گتوند، لالی و هویزه با متوسط میزان جمعیت به ترتیب 39 نماتد در گرم ریشه و 101 نماتد در 250 سانتی‌متر مکعب خاک به گونه‌های P. neglectus (18 درصد)، Pratylenchus thornei  (62 درصد) و مخلوط دو گونه (20 درصد) آلوده بودند. همچنین 42 درصد از مزارع جو بررسی شده در شهرستان‌های امیدیه، اندیکا، ایذه، باغملک، رامهرمز و لالی با متوسط میزان جمعیت به ترتیب 9 نماتد در گرم ریشه و 72 نماتد در 250 سانتی‌متر مکعب خاک به این نماتدها آلوده بودند. آلودگی به نماتدهای زخم ریشه در مزارع گندم بیشتر شهرستان‌های استان به جز باغملک، خرمشهر، هفتگل و هندیجان و در مزارع جو شهرستان‌های امیدیه، اندیکا، ایذه، باغملک، رامهرمز و لالی مشاهده شد. 10 درصد از مزارع نمونه‌برداری شده دارای جمعیت‌ بالای 2-1 نماتد در گرم خاک بودند که امکان وقوع خسارت به محصول بسیار محتمل است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The prevalence of root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei & P. neglectus) in wheat and barley fields in Khuzestan province, as well as the contamination status of these fields

نویسندگان [English]

  • A.R. Ahmadi 1
  • Z. Tanha Maafi 2
1 Assistant Professor, Plant Protection Research Department, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Ahvaz, Iran
2 Emerita Professor, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives
Iran’s Khuzestan province ranks first in wheat production. Root-lesion nematodes (RLN) are a group of plant parasitic nematodes that includes several closely related species of economically significant cereals. There have been eight species of RLN recorded for small grains. Four species (P. thornei, P. crenatus, P. neglectus and P. penetrans) are found worldwide, particularly in temperate zones. P. neglectus, P. thornei, P. pseudopratensis and P. penetrans prevalent in Iranian wheat fields. However, there is insufficient information regarding the status of RLN in the province of Khuzestan’s cereal fields. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence, distribution and population density of RLN in wheat and barley fields in Khuzestan province.
Material and Methods
A survey was conducted over three years (2008-2011), where 169 wheat and 31 barley fields were inspected and sampled in 21 regions during the grain filling and harvesting periods in the Khuzestan province of Iran. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the root tissue of 10 wheat and barley plant samples for disease symptoms. The Whitehead tray method was employed to process 250 cm3 of soil from each collected soil sample. The RLN species were identified using morphological and morphometric characteristics. ArcGIS 9.3 software was utilized to map the distribution of RLN on the map of Khuzestan.
Results
Results indicated that 37% of wheat fields in the regions of Ahvaz, Andika, Andimeshk, Baghmalek, Behbahan, Dasht-e Azadegan, Dezful, Gotvand, Hoveyzeh, Izeh, Lali, Omidiyeh, Ramshir, Ramhormoz, Shadegan, Shushtar, and Shush were infested with P. thornei and P. neglectus, with mean population densities of 39 and 101 nematodes per gram of root and 250 cm3 of soil, respectively. In addition, 42% of barley fields in Andika, Baghmalek, Izeh, Lali, Omidiyeh, and Ramhormoz were infested with the nematode, with mean population densities of 9 and 72 nematodes per gram of root and 250 cm3 of soil, respectively. The regions with the highest and lowest nematode populations were Shush, Shusthar, Baghmalek, and Hendijan, with densities of 1,334, 904, 11, and 100 per 250 cm3 of soil, respectively. Ten percent of the surviving fields exhibited nematode populations exceeding 1-2 per gram of soil, which is extremely likely to cause cereal crop damage.
Discussion
Pratylenchus thornei, P. neglectus, and a mix of the two species were observed in 62, 18, and 20% of the surveyed fields in Khuzestan, respectively. In both wheat and barley fields, P. thornei was the dominant species. Globally, P. thornei is deemed more dangerous than P. neglectus. This is the first report of the presence of root lesion nematodes in wheat and barley fields in Khuzestan province, with contamination rates of 37 and 42%, respectively. Disease incidence was higher in irrigated fields than in rain-fed fields, indicating that soil moisture and nutrients positively influence the nematode population. The nematode population density was higher in wheat fields than in barley fields, confirming that barley is a poor host for RLN. The economic damage thresholds for P. thornei and P. neglectus on wheat have been reported to be 1-2 nematodes per gram of soil in various parts of the world. The most important management practice is the use of resistant and tolerant wheat varieties to RLN.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cereals
  • distribution
  • identification
  • Root-lesion nematodes
Ahmadi, A., & Jahanshahi Afshar, F. (2019). Evaluation of wheat cultivars and lines of Khuzestan to root lesion nematode. Proceedings of the 16th Iranian Congress of Agricultural Sciences and Plant Breeding. Ahvaz, Iran. 5 pp. (In Farsi with English summary).
Ahmadi, K., Ebadzadeh, H. R., Hatami, F., Abdeshah, H. & Kazemian, A. (2020). Statistics of agricultural products of 2018-2019 crop year. Volume One of Crops, Ministry of Jihad Agriculture. (In Farsi).
Bell, N. L., & Watson, R. N. (2001). Optimizing the Whitehead and Heming tray method to extract plant parasitic and other nematodes from two soils under pasture. Nematology, 3, 179-185.
Castillo, P., & Vovlas, N. (Eds) (2007). Pratylenchus (Nematoda:Pratylenchidae): diagnosis, biology, pathogenicity and management. Nematology monographs and perspectives, 6. Brill.
Fanning, J. P., Reeves, K. L., Forknall, C. R., McKay, A. C., & Hollaway, G. J. (2020). Pratylenchus thornei: The relationship between presowing nematode density and yield loss in wheat and barley. Phytopathology, 110, 674-683.
Fayazi, F., Farokhi Nejad, R., Ahmadi, A. R., Minasian, V., Jahanshahi Afshar, F., & Bahmani, Z. (2012). Reaction of some bread and durum wheat lines/cultivars to root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei & P. neglectus) under controlled conditions in Southwest of Iran. International Journal of Nematology, 22, 73-78.
Fischer, R. A., Byerlee, D., & Edmeades, G. O. (2009). Can technology deliver on the yield challenge to 2050? FAO expert meeting on how to feed the world in 2050. FAO, Italy.
Gitti, M., Tanha Maafi Z., Dababat, A. A., & Nicol, J. M. (2012). Effect of crop rotation on control of root lesion nematodes in rain-fed wheat system. Proceedings of the 31st International Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists. Adana, Turkey. P. 181.
Jahanshahi Afshar, F., Afshari F., Tanha Maafi Z., & Nicol J. M. (2010). Evaluation of some lines and commercial wheat cultivars to root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) under controlled conditions. Proceedings of the 19th Iranian plant protection congress. Tehran,Iran. (In Farsi with English summary).
Jenkins, W. R. (1964) A rapid centrifugal-flotation technique for separating nematodes from soil. Plant disease Reporter, 48, 692.
Jones J. T., Haegeman A., Danchin E. G. J., Gaur H. S., Helder J., Jones M. G. K., Kikuchi T., Manzanilla-Lopez R., Palomares-Rius J. E., Wesemael W. M. L., & Perry, R. N. (2013). Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 14 (9), 946-961.
Keil, T., Laubach, E., Sharma, S., & Jung, M. (2009). Screening for resistance in the primary and secondary gene pool of barley against the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus. Plant Breeding, 128, 436-442.
Kheiri, A. (1972). Plant parasitic nematodes (Tylenchida) from Iran. Biologisch Jaarbook Dodonaea, 40, 224-239.
Loof, P. A. (1991). The family Pratylenchidae Thorne 1949. In W. R. Nickle, (Ed.), Manual of agricultural nematology (pp 363-421). Marcel Dekker.
Moens, M., & Perry, R. N. (2009). Migratory plant endoparasitic nematodes: A group rich in contrasts and divergence. Annual review of phytopathology, 47, 313-332.
Nicol, J., Rivoal, R., Taylor, S., & Zaharieva, M. (2003). Global importance of cyst (Heterodera spp.) and lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) on cereals: Distribution, yield loss, use of host resistance and integration of molecular tools. In R. Cook, & D. J. Hunt (Eds.). Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Nematology, Tenerife, Spain. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives 2 (pp. 1–19). Brill.
Nicol, J. M., & Tanha Maafi, Z. (Eds.) (2004). Report of cereal root pathogen soil survey in Iran. 14 pp. Complied by Iranian and CIMMYT Scientists.
Nicol, J. M., & Rivoal, R. (2008). Global knowledge and its application for the integrated control and management of nematodes on wheat. In A. Ciancio, and Mukerji K. G. (Eds.) Integrated management and biocontrol of vegetable and grain crops nematodes. (pp. 251-283). Springer.
Owen, K. J., Clewett, T. G., Bell, K. L., & Thompson, J. P. (2014). Wheat biomass and yield increased when populations of the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) were reduced through sequential rotation of partially-resistant winter and summer crops. Crop Pasture Science, 65(3), 227-241.
Ghaderi, R., Kargar Bideh, A., Banihashemi, Z., & Taghavi, M. (2009). Distribution and population fluctuation of root- lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp. In irrigated wheat and corn fields in Marvdasht, Fars province. Iranian journal of plant pathology, 45(4), 337-347. (In Farsi with English summary).
Rivoal, R., & Cook, R. (1993). Nematodes pest of cereals. In K. Evans, D. L. Trudgill, & J. M. Webster (Eds), Plant parasitic nematodes in temperate agriculture (pp. 259-304). CAB International.
Saeidi Naeini, F., Tanha Maafi, Z., & Jahanshahi Afshar, F. (2012). Wheat reaction to various population levels of lesion nematodes Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus in Iran. Proceedings of the 31st International Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists (p. 111). Adana, Turkey.
Smiley, R. W., Whittaker, R. G., Gourlie, J. A., & Easley, S. A. (2005). Pratylenchus thornei associated with reduced wheat yield in Oregon. Journal of Nematology, 37(1), 45-54.
Smiley, R. W., & Nicol, J. N. (2009). Nematodes which challenge global wheat production. In B. F. Carver, (Ed.) Wheat Science and Trade (pp. 171–187), Ames, IA, Wiley Blackwell.
Smiley, R. W. (2010). Root-lesion nematodes: Biology and management in Pacific Northwest wheat cropping systems. Pacific Northwest Extension Bulletin 617.
Smiley, R. W., Gourlie , J. A., Yan, G., & Rhinhart, K. L. (2014). Resistance and tolerance of landrace wheat in fields infested with Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei. Plant Disease, 98(6), 797-805.
Smiley, R. W. (2021). Root-lesion nematodes affecting dryland cereals in the semiarid pacific Northwest USA. Plant Disease, 105(11), 2749-2770.
Tanha Maafi, Z. (1998). Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei, endo- parasitic nematodes associated with wheat in Gilan province. Proceedings of the 13th Iranian plant protection congress, Karaj, Iran, (p. 66). (In Farsi with English summary).
Tanha Maafi, Z., Ahmadi, A. R., Azadbakht, N., Gitty, M., Hosseininejad, A., Jahanshahi Afshar, F., Karimipour, H., Minbashi, M., Pakniyat, M., Ahmadian Yazdi, A., Rivandi, A., Safaee, D., Aghajani, M. A., Nicol, J. M., & Dababat, A. A. (2015). Cereal soil borne nematodes status in Iran. In A. A. Dababat, H. Muminjanov & R. W Smiley (Eds.) Nematodes of small grain cereals, current status and research, (pp. 91-100). CIMMYT
Thompson, J. P., Owen, K. J., Stirling, G. R., & Bell, M. J. (2008). Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus): a review of recent progress in managing a significant pest of grain crops in northern Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 37, 235-242.
Van Gundy, S. D., Jose Gustavo Perez, B., Stolzy, L. H., & Thomason, I. J. (1974). A pest management approach to the control of Pratylenchus thornei on wheat in Mexico. Journal of Nematology, 6, 107-116.
Whitehead, A. G (Ed.). (1998). Plant Nematode Control. CAB International.
 © 2022 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/