اثرات کشندگی اسانس های هشت گیاه دارویی ایرانی روی دو بالپولکدار انباری و شناسایی ترکیب شیمیایی آن ها

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی-فارسی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

2 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

چکیده

تاکنون جهت کاربرد اسانس‌های گیاهی به عنوان عواملی بالقوه برای کنترل حشرات، تلاش‌های زیادی انجام شده است. تمایل به استفاده از ترکیبات گیاهی حشره‌کش برای کنترل آفات انباری همواره در حال افزایش می-باشد. در این پژوهش، سمیت تنفسی اسانس‌های هشت گیاه دارویی شامل گندواش (Artemisia annua Linnaeus)، زیره سیاه (Elwendia persica (Boissier) Pimenov & Kljuykov)، آویشن شیرازی (Zataria multiflora Boissier)، شاهسپرم (Tanacetum balsamita Linnaeus)، باریجه (Ferula gummosa Boissier)، مورد (Myrtus communis Linnaeus)، لیمو (Citrus limon (Linnaeus) Osbeck) و مرزنگوش (Origanum majorana Linnaeus) علیه تخم‌ها، لاروهای سن اول و حشرات کامل شب‌پره مدیترانه‌ای آرد (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) و شب‌پره هندی (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)) از طریق انجام آزمایش-های زیست‌سنجی و تجزیه پروبیت در شرایط آزمایشگاهی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس‌ها نیز با استفاده از روش GC-MS شناسایی شدند. طبق نتایج، در هر دو گونه، اسانس گندواش بیشترین اثر تخم‌کشی (LC50 به ترتیب 12/58 و 55/51 میکرولیتر بر لیتر هوا) را داشت. مورد علیه شب‌پره مدیترانه‌ای آرد و گندواش علیه شب‌پره هندی بیشترین اثر لاروکشی را نشان دادند (LC50 به ترتیب 19/84 و 84/76 میکرولیتر بر لیتر هوا). اسانس مورد نیز بیشترین اثر کشندگی را علیه حشرات کامل هر دو گونه دارا بود (LC50 به ترتیب 19/54 و 62/45 میکرولیتر بر لیتر هوا). ترتیب کشندگی هشت اسانس علیه حشرات کامل هر دو گونه یکسان بود و حشرات کامل ماده در مقایسه با نرها متحمل‌تر بودند. همچنین، تخم‌ها، لاروهای سن اول و حشرات کامل شب‌پره هندی در مقایسه با شب‌پره مدیترانه‌ای آرد اندکی حساس‌تر بودند. فراوان‌ترین اجزای اسانس‌ها شامل گندواش: Camphor، 1,8-Cineole؛ زیره سیاه: α-Terpinolen، Limonene، Propanal, 2-methyl-3-phenyl-؛ آویشن شیرازی: Carvacrol، Terbutaline, tris(trimethylsilyl) ether؛ شاهسپرم: Carvone، (‒)-Thujanone؛ باریجه: β-Thujene، β-pinene؛ مورد: δ-3-Carene، 1,8-Cineole، Carvacrol؛ لیمو: Limonene؛ و مرزنگوش: (‒)-Terpinen-4-ol، γ-Terpinene بودند. اثرات کشندگی گزارش شده اسانس‌های گیاهی مختلف و نتایج حاضر نشان می‌دهند که برخی گیاهان مانند گندواش و مورد دارای ترکیباتی هستند که به عنوان جایگزین آفتکش‌های شیمیایی خطرناک، دارای قابلیت‌های زیادی می‌باشند و فرموله کردن آن‌ها می‌تواند به عنوان روشی کاربردی جهت جایگزینی حشره‌کش‌های شیمیایی مورد توجه قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Lethal effects of essential oils from eight Iranian pharmaceutical plants against two stored-product lepidopterans and their chemical composition

نویسندگان [English]

  • M. Yazdanian 1
  • A. Rajaei 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 M.Sc. Graduated,, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives

To produce high-quality food and minimize risks from chemical applications, employing economically viable alternative methods without chemical-related drawbacks is vital. Plant essential oils (EOs) have garnered attention as potential insect pest control agents. The current study examines the lethal effects of plant EOs on the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) and the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)).

Materials and Methods

This study examined the fumigant toxicity of eight Iranian pharmaceutical plant EOs: sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua), black cumin (Elwendia persica), Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora), costmary (Tanacetum balsamita), galbanum (Ferula gummosa), myrtle (Myrtus communis), lemon (Citrus × limon) and marjoram (Origanum majorana) against eggs, first instar larvae, and adults of P. interpunctella and E. kuehniella. Insects were maintained under controlled conditions at 27 ± 2 °C, 60 ± 5% R.H., and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify the compounds present in the tested plant EOs. The lethal concentration (LC) values were estimated using probit analysis based on data obtained from preliminary and main bioassays.

Results

The predominant compounds (in term of %) identified in the EOs were as follows: A. annua: Camphor (41.388), 1,8-Cineole (13.431); E. persica: α-Terpinolen (31.622), Limonene (14.524), Propanal, 2-methyl-3-phenyl- (13.180); Z. multiflora: Carvacrol (60.593) and Terbutaline, tris (trimethyl silyl) ether (11.229); T. balsamita: Carvone (42.607), (‒)-Thujanone (17.600); F. gummosa: β-Thujene (34.234), β-pinene (22.371); M. communis: δ-3-Carene (30.549), 1,8-Cineole (19.580), Carvacrol (13.987); C. limon: Limonene (55.131), and O. majorana: (‒)-Terpinen-4-ol (34.138), γ-Terpinene (15.494). EOs exhibited comparable ovicidal activity against the eggs of both species. Notably, A. annua EO displayed the highest efficacy, with LC50 values of 58.12 μl/L air for E. kuehniella and 51.55 μl/L air for P. interpunctella. For E. kuehniella, the EOs of M. communis, Z. multiflora, and F. gummosa followed suit in terms of efficacy, while E. persica, O. majorana, T. balsamita, and C. limon EOs demonstrated the lowest ovicidal activity. Conversely, regarding P. interpunctella, the EOs of M. communis, F. gummosa, Z. multiflora and E. persica exhibited the next highest efficacy, whereas T. balsamita, O. majorana, and C. limon EOs displayed the least ovicidal activity. Eggs of P. interpunctella exhibited slightly greater sensitivity compared to those of E. kuehniella. The EOs of M. communis and A. annua demonstrated the highest efficacy against first instar larvae of both species, with estimated LC50 values of 84.19 and 76.64 μl/L air, respectively. Following closely, EOs of A. annua and F. gummosa exhibited notable effectiveness against first instar larvae of E. kuehniella, while EOs of M. communis and Z. multiflora showed similar efficacy against first instar larvae of P. interpunctella. Conversely, the EOs of C. limon, T. balsamita, O. majorana and E. persica displayed the least larvicidal activity against E. kuehniella larvae, whereas the EOs of O. majorana and E. persica demonstrated the lowest efficacy against P. interpunctella larvae. Consistent with the findings concerning the eggs, the first instar larvae of P. interpunctella demonstrated slightly greater sensitivity compared to those of E. kuehniella. The EOs exhibited similar lethal effects against adults of both species. Notably, M. communis EO exhibited the highest lethality against male and female adults of both species, followed by EOs of A. annua, E. persica and Z. multiflora. Conversely, EOs of C. limon, T. balsamita, F. gummosa and O. majorana displayed the least lethal effect. Interestingly, female adults showed greater tolerance compared to male adults. Moreover, similar to the observations with eggs and first instar larvae, adults of P. interpunctella displayed slightly greater sensitivity than those of E. kuehniella.

Discussion

The study findings highlight the significant lethal effects of various plant EOs, indicating promising alternatives to hazardous chemical pesticides. Iran's rich pharmaceutical plant flora contains diverse compounds, including volatile ones like EOs, which can be explored for their medicinal, insecticidal, fungicidal and other properties. The availability of formulations derived from complete plant EOs or their active components (i.e. insecticides, acaricides, fungicides and herbicides) in the market suggests the potential for developing more potent and environmentally friendly biorational pesticides through dedicated research in this field.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Pharmaceutical plants
  • Fumigant toxicity
  • Plodia interpunctella
  • Ephestia kuehniella
  • Lethal concentrations

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دوره 46، شماره 4
اسفند 1402
صفحه 25-56

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