Effect of recommended doses of sulfur on life table parameters of green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), predator of pistachio psyllid

Document Type : Research paper-Persian

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student in Agricultural Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Pesticide Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research, Education and Extention Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

Abstract

Background and Objectives
The Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hem.: Psyllidae), commonly known as the pistachio psyllid, is a major pest that infests pistachio trees. As the population of this pest increases, this leads to a significant decline in both the quality and the yield of the pistachio harvest. Over the past few years, various types of sulfur have been commonly used to control pests. The common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) is a cosmopolitan polyphagous predator, attacking various pests, including eggs and nymphs of the common pistachio psylla. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three concentrations (1500, 2500, and 4000 ppm) of a commercially available sulfur formulation (WP80%) on C. carnea, which is one of the most important natural enemies in pistachio orchards.
Materials and Methods
The green lacewing eggs and larvae, collected from pistachio orchards in Yazd, were treated with sulfur using both the dipping method for two days-old eggs and the residual dry-on-glass plate method for larvae. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions at 26 ± 2 ˚C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L: D). Several parameters were measured such as mortality rate, developmental time of the immature stages of the green lacewing, adult longevity, and fecundity. The fertility life table data were analyzed using the TWO-SEX MS Chart 2024 software. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a post-hoc Tukey test was conducted to statistically assess the mean percentage of formation across different biological stages and the pre-adult mortality rate data, using SPSS version 27.00. Normality was tested using a non-parametric test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
Results
The results revealed that the mortality rates of the green lacewing's immature stages in the treatments (4000, 2500, and 1500 ppm) and the control group were 69.2 ± 0.8, 58.9 ± 1.1, 43.7 ± 2.4, and 14.4% ± 1.1, respectively. A significant difference was observed between the control group and the treatments at the 5% significance level. All concentrations resulted in a significant decrease in oviposition period, total fecundity, longevity, and total life span compared with control. Maximum and minimum mean lifespans of C. carnea individuals were observed in the untreated group and a concentration of 4000 ppm of sulfur. Additionally, the net reproduction rate (R₀) was 6.1 ± 1.4, 12.7 ± 2.7, 29.2 ± 5.7, and 61.2 ± 7.3 offspring per individual, while the gross reproduction rate (GRR) was 23.6 ± 3.9, 36.4 ± 5.9, 59.03 ± 9.8, and 81.1 ± 8.4 offspring per individual, in the treatments (4000 ppm, 2500 ppm, and 1500 ppm) and the control group, respectively. The mean generation time (T) was 43.9 ± 0.6, 44.2 ± 0.4, 47.23 ± 1.1, and 46.6 ± 0.8 days, and the finite rate of population increase (λ) was 1.05 ± 0.01, 1.07 ± 0.01, 1.097 ± 0.006, and 1.12 ± 0.04 day-1 across the treatments and the control group, respectively. The highest values were observed in the control group, whereas the lowest ones were recorded in the 4000-ppm sulfur treatment. A significant difference was noted between the control group and the treatments at the 5% significance level.
Discussion
The adaptability of pesticides with biological agents is one of the major concerns of IPM practitioners. Hence, it is essential to have necessary information about the action mode of pesticides on non-target insects. Furthermore, finding efficient biological control agents is considered the first step in developing biological control programs. Therefore, the effects of a commercially available sulfur formulation (WP80%) on C. carnea were discussed to design integrated management programs.  The results of this laboratory study demonstrated that sulfur application negatively affects the efficiency of C. carnea, significantly reducing its population. If these findings are confirmed under field conditions, adjustments in the method and timing of sulfur application in integrated pest management (IPM) programs will be necessary to avoid disrupting the sensitive stages of this predator.

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References

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 © 2024 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture)
Volume 47, Issue 3
October 2024
Pages 23-40

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