گیاه پزشکی

گیاه پزشکی

تاثیر برخی اسانس‌های گیاهی روی تلفات و فراسنجه‌های جدول زندگی سوسک چهارنقطه‌ای حبوبات، Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)، در شرایط آزمایشگاهی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی-فارسی

نویسندگان
حانیه عزیزی کاشی 1
بهرام ناصری 2
هوشنگ رفیعی 2
جبرائیل رزمجو 2
عسگر عباداللهی 3
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
2 استاد، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
3 استاد، گروه علوم گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مغان، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
10.22055/ppr.2025.50393.1830
چکیده
سوسک چهارنقطه‌ای حبوبات ).Callosobruchus maculatus (F، آفت کلیدی حبوبات است که خسارت گسترده‌ای در مزرعه و انبار وارد می‌کند. استفاده از اسانس­های گیاهی به عنوان یکی از روش‌های ایمن و کارآمد برای کنترل این آفت توصیه شده است. در پژوهش حاضر، تاثیر اسانس گیاه مرزه Satureja hortensis (L.) و زنیانTrachyspermum ammi (L.) بر تلفات و فراسنجه­های جدول زندگی سوسک چهارنقطه‌ای حبوبات بررسی شد. حشرات کامل روی بذور لوبیاچشم بلبلی تیمار شده با غلظت­های بین 43/1 تا 57/3 میکرولیتر بر گرم از اسانس مرزه و غلظت‌های 57/0 تا 14/2 میکرولیتر بر گرم از اسانس زنیان قرار گرفت و تلفات آنها بعد از 24، 48 و 72 ساعت ثبت شد. مقدار غلظت کشنده 50 درصد(LC50)  اسانس­های مرزه و زنیان به­ترتیب 19/2 و 47/1 میکرولیتر بر گرم بعد از 24 ساعت برآورد شد. مقادیر غلظت‌های زیرکشنده 30 درصد (LC30) اسانس­های مرزه و زنیان بعد از 24 ساعت به‌ترتیب 82/1 و 10/1 میکرولیتر بر گرم برآورد شد. از مقادیر LC30 و LC50 برای بررسی تاثیر اختلاط دو اسانس و همچنین برآورد فراسنجه‌های جدول زندگی از طریق تیمار حشرات کامل آفت استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که اختلاط اسانس‌ها تاثیر تشدیدکنندگی بر تلفات آفت دارد، همچنین کاهش معنی‌دار نرخ ذاتی افزایش جمعیت (r)، نرخ خالص تولید مثل (R0) و نرخ متناهی افزایش جمعیت(λ)  تحت تاثیر اسانس­ها مشاهده شد. کارواکرول و گاما-ترپینن در اسانس مرزه و تیمول و سایمن در اسانس زنیان به­عنوان ترکیبات غالب شناسایی شدند. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش حاضر، می­توان استفاده از اسانس‌های مرزه و زنیان را به­عنوان یک راهکار‌ ایمن در مدیریت سوسک چهارنقطه‌ای حبوبات جهت انجام تحقیقات تکمیلی پیشنهاد داد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
آفت‌کش زیستی
اثر تشدیدکنندگی
اثرات زیرکشندگی
سمیت
نرخ ذاتی افزایش جمعیت
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Effect of some plant essential oils on the mortality and life table parameters of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) under laboratory conditions

نویسندگان English

H. S. Azizi Kashi 1
B. Naseri 2
H. Rafiee-Dastjerdi 2
J. Razmjou 2
A. Ebadollahi 3
1 MSc Student. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
2 Professor. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
3 Professor. Department of Plant Sciences, Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
چکیده English

Background and Objective
Legumes are critical crops globally due to their high nutritional value, provision of essential vitamins and minerals, low environmental footprint, and ability to fix nitrogen in the soil. However, the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), poses significant threats to legume crops, causing substantial losses in both field and storage conditions. The larval feeding reduces seed weight, nutritional quality, and commercial value, with severe infestations leading to losses of up to 50–60% of stored products. Traditional pest control methods, primarily relying on synthetic chemical insecticides, are effective but associated with adverse effects, including pest resistance, environmental contamination, and harm to non-target organisms. Consequently, there has been growing interest in eco-friendly alternatives, such as plant-derived essential oils, for pest management. Essential oils from Trachyspermum ammi L. (ajwain) and Satureja hortensis L. (satureja), rich in bioactive compounds, have shown considerable potential in controlling stored-product pests. This study aimed to investigate the effects of T. ammi and S. hortensis essential oils on the life history and life table parameters of C. maculatus reared on cowpea, evaluating their efficacy as natural control agents.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at 27 ± 2°C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity, and complete darkness. Callosobruchus maculatus adults were obtained from a laboratory colony reared on cowpea. The chemical composition of T. ammi and S. hortensis essential oils was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify their major constituents. For bioassays, 7 g of cowpea seeds were treated with seven concentrations of essential oils (T. ammi: 0.57–2.14 µL/g; S. hortensis: 1.43–3.57 µL/g, determined based on logarithmic intervals). Each concentration was prepared in four replicates, with the essential oil dissolved in 2 mL of acetone as the solvent. Cowpea seeds were immersed in the solution for 60 s and air-dried for 120 s. Control seeds were treated with acetone alone. Mortality rates were recorded at 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment. The synergistic effects of combining T. ammi and S. hortensis essential oils were also evaluated. Lethal concentrations causing 50% mortality (LC50) and sublethal concentrations causing 30% mortality (LC30) were calculated after 24 h. Life history parameters were assessed using LC30 and LC50 concentrations. Life table parameters, including the intrinsic rate of population increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0), and finite rate of population increase (λ), were analyzed using the TWOSEX-MSChart software. Population growth parameters were estimated using the bootstrap method with 100,000 replicates, and the paired bootstrap test was applied to detect statistical differences between means (P < 0.05).
Results
GC-MS analysis revealed that the dominant compounds in S. hortensis essential oil were carvacrol and γ-terpinene, while those in T. ammi were thymol and cymene. Bioassay results demonstrated that both essential oils significantly increased C. maculatus mortality compared to the control group. The LC50 values after 24 h were 2.19 µL/g for S. hortensis and 1.47 µL/g for T. ammi, while the LC30 values were 1.82 µL/g and 1.10 µL/g, respectively. At LC30 and LC50 concentrations, both essential oils significantly reduced the intrinsic rate of population increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0), and finite rate of population increase (λ) (P < 0.05). The combination of T. ammi and S. hortensis essential oils exhibited a synergistic effect, enhancing mortality rates compared to individual applications.
Discussion
The essential oils of T. ammi and S. hortensis demonstrated significant potential as biocontrol agents against C. maculatus by increasing mortality and suppressing key life history parameters, such as reproduction and population growth. Bioactive compounds, particularly thymol and carvacrol, likely disrupted the insect’s nervous and respiratory systems, contributing to these effects. The synergistic interaction between the two essential oils suggests that combined applications could enhance control efficacy. Sublethal concentrations (LC30) were found to be more suitable for practical applications, balancing efficacy with minimal environmental impact. A review of previous studies corroborates the efficacy of essential oils like S. hortensis and T. ammi in managing stored-product pests. However, practical implementation requires further research into stable formulations, such as nanoencapsulation, and large-scale evaluations under field and storage conditions. These essential oils provide a safe and effective alternative to synthetic insecticides, aligning with the goals of sustainable development and environmental protection.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

biopesticide
synergistic effect
sublethal effects
toxicity
intrinsic rate of population increase
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گیاه پزشکی
دوره 48، شماره 3
پاییز 1404
صفحه 123-140