Bahr, L., Castelli, M. V., Barolo, M. I., Mostacero, N. R., Tosello, M. E., & López, S. N. (2016). Ascochyta blight: isolation, characterization, and development of a rapid method to detect inhibitors of the chickpea fungal pathogen
Ascochyta rabiei.
Fungal biology,
120(3), 424-432.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2015.12.002
Bar, I., Sambasivam, P. T., Davidson, J., Farfan-Caceres, L. M., Lee, R. C., Hobson, K., Moore, K., & Ford, R. (2021). Current population structure and pathogenicity patterns of
Ascochyta rabiei in Australia.
Microbial genomics,
7(7), 000627.
https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000627
Barve, M. P., Arie, T., Salimath, S. S., Muehlbauer, F. J., & Peever, T. L. (2003). Cloning and characterization of the mating type (MAT) locus from
Ascochyta rabiei (teleomorph:
Didymella rabiei) and a MAT phylogeny of legume-associated
Ascochyta spp.
Fungal Genetics and Biology,
39(2), 151-167.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1087-1845(03)00015-x
Bayraktar, H., Özer, G., Aydoğan, A., & Palacıoğlu, G. (2016). Determination of Ascochyta blight disease in chickpea using real-time PCR.
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection,
123(3), 109-117.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-016-0017-0
Blake, S. N., Lee, R. C., Russ, M. H., Farquharson, E. A., Rose, J. A., Herdina, Goonetilleke, S. N., Farfan-Caceres, L. M., Debler, J. W., Syme, R. A., & Davidson, J. A. (2022). Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of
Ascochyta fabae populations in Southern Australia.
Frontiers in Plant Science,
13, 918211.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.918211
Bolton, M. D., Van Esse, H. P., Vossen, J. H., De Jonge, R., Stergiopoulos, I., Stulemeijer, I. J., Van Den Berg, G. C., Borrás‐Hidalgo, O., Dekker, H. L., De Koster, C. G., & De Wit, P. J., (2008). The novel
Cladosporium fulvum lysin motif effector Ecp6 is a virulence factor with orthologues in other fungal species.
Molecular microbiology,
69(1), 119-136.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06270.x
Bradshaw, M. J., Aime, M. C., Rokas, A., Maust, A., Moparthi, S., Jellings, K., Pane, A. M., Hendricks, D., Pandey, B., Li, Y., & Pfister, D. H. (2023). Extensive intragenomic variation in the internal transcribed spacer region of fungi.
Iscience,
26(8).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107317
Crociara, C., Valetti, L., Bernardi Lima, N., Iglesias, J., & Pastor, S. (2022). Morphological and molecular characterization, pathogenicity and sexual reproduction of
Ascochyta rabiei isolates of chickpea fields in Argentina.
Journal of Phytopathology,
170(4), 221-232.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13073
Debler, J. W., Lee, R. C., Singh, K. B., Kamphuis, L. G., & Henares, B. M. (2025). Boscalid–a new selectable marker for
Ascochyta lentis and
Ascochyta rabiei.
Fungal Biology, 101615.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101615
Doostan, R., Mansouri, H., & Habibi Nokhandan, M. (2024). Analysis of atmospheric patterns of heavy rainfall in Khorasan.
Journal of Climate Research,
1402(55), 211-226.
https://doi.org/10.5094/apr.2015.065
Farahani, S., Talebi, R., Maleki, M., Mehrabi, R., & Kanouni, H. (2019). Pathogenic diversity of
Ascochyta rabiei isolates and identification of resistance sources in core collection of chickpea germplasm.
The plant pathology journal,
35(4), 321.
https://doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2018.0299
Farahani, S., Talebi, R., Maleki, M., Mehrabi, R., & Kanouni, H. (2021). Mating type distribution, genetic diversity and population structure of
Ascochyta rabiei, the cause of Ascochyta blight of chickpea in western Iran.
Phytopathologia Mediterranea,
60(1), 3-12.
https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-11616
Firouzmand, H., Shokouhifar, F., Malekzadeh-Shafaroodi, S. & Mamarabadi, M. (2020) Identification of genes encoding ECP6 effector protein homologues in genomic data of Ascochyta rabiei. In: 5th international and 17th Iranina Genetics congeress. Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, pp. GC17-02440404.
Firouzmand, H., Toosi, S., Shokouhifar, F., & Mamarabadi, M. (2023). Resistance pattern of a cold tolerant chickpea cultivar (Saral) against different pathotypes of
Ascochyta rabiei using an in vitro pathogenicity test method.
Australasian Plant Pathology,
52(4), 303-315.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-023-00920-0
Gust, A. A., Willmann, R., Desaki, Y., Grabherr, H. M., & Nürnberger, T. (2012). Plant LysM proteins: modules mediating symbiosis and immunity. Trends in plant science, 17(8), 495-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2012.04.003
Hasani, M., Shokouhifar, F., & Mamarabadi, M. (2023). Detection of the gsh303 Gene Encoding a Candidate Protein with Effector Function during the Interaction between
Ascochyta rabiei and Chickpea.
Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture),
46(2), 87-106.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-023-00920-0
Hasani, M., Shokouhifar, F. & Mamarabadi, M. (2025a). Identification and tracking of the influential gene GSh304 in different pathogenicity phenotypes of the necrotrophic fungus Ascochyta rabiei, the causal agent of blight in chickpea. In: 6Th International And 14Th National Biotechnology Congress Of The Islamic Republic Of Iran. Tehran, Iran.
Hasani, M., Shokouhifar, F. & Mamarabadi, M. (2025b). GSh302: A candidate effector protein in
Ascochyta rabiei, induced during host interaction, with a promoter structure harboring a bZIP transcription factor binding site.
Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture),
48(4), 17-36. https://doi.org/
10.22055/ppr.2025.50566.1842
Lee, R. C., Farfan-Caceres, L., Debler, J. W., Williams, A. H., Syme, R. A., & Henares, B. M. (2021). Reference genome assembly for Australian
Ascochyta lentis isolate Al4.
G3,
11(2), jkab006.
https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkab006
Lovelace, A. H., Dorhmi, S., Hulin, M. T., Li, Y., Mansfield, J. W., & Ma, W. (2023). Effector identification in plant pathogens.
Phytopathology®,
113(4), 637-650.
https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-22-0337-kd
Nourollahi, K., Javannikkhah, M., Naghavi, M. R., Lichtenzveig, J., Okhovat, S. M., Oliver, R. P., & Ellwood, S. R. (2011). Genetic diversity and population structure of
Ascochyta rabiei from the western Iranian Ilam and Kermanshah provinces using MAT and SSR markers.
Mycological progress,
10(1), 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-010-0668-3
Oliva, R. F., Cano, L. M., Raffaele, S., Win, J., Bozkurt, T. O., Belhaj, K., Oh, S. K., Thines, M., & Kamoun, S. (2015). A recent expansion of the RXLR effector gene Avrblb2 is maintained in global populations of
Phytophthora infestans indicating different contributions to virulence.
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 28(8), 901-912.
https://doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0393-r
Omer, D. M., Karimi, K., Talebi, R., & Amini, J. (2023). Genetic diversity and mating-type distribution of
Didymella rabiei isolates collected from Kurdistan region, North of Iraq.
European Journal of Plant Pathology,
167(3), 349-360.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-023-02715-x
Phan, H. T. T., Ford, R., & Taylor, P. W. J. (2003). Population structure of Ascochyta rabiei in Australia based on STMS fingerprints. Fungal Diversity, 13, 111-129.
Qi, H., Jiang, Z., Zhang, K., Yang, S., He, F., & Zhang, Z. (2018). PlaD: a transcriptomics database for plant defense responses to pathogens, providing new insights into plant immune system. Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics, 16(4), 283-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpb.2018.08.002
Ramezani Khozestani, F., Zaker Tavallaie, F., Shokouhifar, F., Mamarabadi, M. (2023). Optimization of Ascochyta rabiei pathogenicity test on resistant and susceptible chickpea cultivars under in vitro condition. Iranian Journal Pulses Research 14(2), 1-18.
Santra, D. K., Singh, G., Kaiser, W. J., Gupta, V. S., Ranjekar, P. K., & Muehlbauer, F. J. (2001). Molecular analysis of
Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr., the pathogen of ascochyta blight in chickpea.
Theoretical and Applied Genetics,
102(5), 676-682.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051696
Schoch, C. L., Seifert, K. A., Huhndorf, S., Robert, V., Spouge, J. L., Levesque, C. A., & White, M. M. (2012). Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi.
Proceedings of the national academy of Sciences,
109(16), 6241-6246.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117018109
Shah, R. M., Williams, A. H., Hane, J. K., Lawrence, J. A., Farfan-Caceres, L. M., Debler, J. W., Oliver, R.P., & Lee, R. C. (2020). Reference genome assembly for Australian
Ascochyta rabiei isolate ArME14.
G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics,
10(7), 2131-2140.
https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401265
Shao, D., Smith, D. L., Kabbage, M., & Roth, M. G. (2021). Effectors of plant necrotrophic fungi.
Frontiers in Plant Science,
12, 687713.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.687713
Shokouhifar, F., Bagheri, A., Falahat-Rastegar, M. & Malekzadeh-Shafaroodi, S. (2003a). Pathotyping of Ascochyta rabiei isolates in Iran. Jornal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 37, 217-232.
Shokouhifar, F., Bagheri, A. & Rastegar, M. F. (2003b). Identification of genetic diversity in the Ascochyta blight pathogen of Chickpea [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.] using RAPD markers. Isfahan University of Technology-Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 7, 193-204.
Shokouhifar, F., Mamarabadi, M., Rabiei Motlagh, E., & Fallah Rastegar, M. (2024). Identification and characterization of a PCD-inducing effector protein ortholog in Ascochyta rabiei. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 47(3), 57-78. https://doi.org/10.22055/ppr.2024.47493.1756
Singh, S. K., Shree, A., Verma, S., Singh, K., Kumar, K., Srivastava, V., Singh, R., Saxena, S., Singh, A. P., Pandey, A., & Verma, P. K. (2023). The nuclear effector ArPEC25 from the necrotrophic fungus
Ascochyta rabiei targets the chickpea transcription factor CaβLIM1a and negatively modulates lignin biosynthesis, increasing host susceptibility.
The Plant Cell,
35(3), 1134-1159.
https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koac372
Sokolova, E. A., Morozova, E. V., Ulanova, T. I., Malychenko, O. P., Alekseev, Y. I., Kuznetsova, M. A., & Khavkin, E. E. (2016). Molecular analysis of polymorphisms in differentiating
Phytophthora infestans races.
Biology Agricultural,
51, 376-384.
https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2016.3.376eng
Stergiopoulos, I. & de Wit, P. J. (2009). Fungal effector proteins. Annual review of phytopathology, 47, 233-263.
Udupa, S. M., & Weigand, F. (1997). Pathotyping of Ascochyta rabiei isolates of Syria. Mr Nihad Maliha, Manager, Library and Information Ser vices, ICARDA.
Uhse, S., & Djamei, A. (2018). Effectors of plant-colonizing fungi and beyond.
PLoS Pathogens,
14(6), e1006992.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006992
Vafaei, S. H., Rezaee, S., Moghadam, A. A., & Zamanizadeh, H. R. (2015). Virulence diversity of
Ascochyta rabiei the causal agent of Ascochyta blight of chickpea in the western provinces of Iran.
Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection,
48(17-20), 921-930.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2016.1143600
Vaghefi, N., Bar, I., Lawley, J. W., Sambasivam, P. T., Christie, M., & Ford, R. (2024). Population-level whole-genome sequencing of
Ascochyta rabiei identifies genomic loci associated with isolate aggressiveness.
Microbial Genomics,
10(11), 001326.
https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001326
Verma, S., Gazara, R. K., Nizam, S., Parween, S., Chattopadhyay, D., & Verma, P. K. (2016). Draft genome sequencing and secretome analysis of fungal phytopathogen
Ascochyta rabiei provides insight into the necrotrophic effector repertoire.
Scientific Reports,
6(1), 24638.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24638
Zangeneh, K., Emamjomeh, A., Shokouhifar, F., Mamarabadi, M., & Mehdinezhad, N. (2022). Differentiation of an Iranian resistance chickpea line to Ascochyta blight from a susceptible line using a functional SNP.
AMB Express,
12(1), 45.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-022-01385-y
© 2026 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
