گیاه پزشکی

گیاه پزشکی

اثر عصاره و نانوعصاره شیشه ‏شور (Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels) و لعل کوهستان (Oliveria decumbens Vent) بر کنترل بیماری کپک‏ سبز (Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc.) مرکبات

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی-فارسی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ، اهواز، ایران
2 استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ، اهواز، ایران
3 دانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران
4 استادیار، گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ، اهواز، ایران
5 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی ماشین‌های کشاورزی و مکانیزاسیون، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی
چکیده
کپک سبز قارچ‌ بیماری‌زای گیاهی و عامل پوسیدگی انباری میوه‏ ها است. کاربرد ترکیبات عصاره و نانوعصاره‌های گیاهی راهکاری موثر برای مقابله با آثار منفی کنترل شیمیایی است. شیشه شور و لعل‏ کوهستان حاوی متابولیتهای ثانویه هستند که خاصیت بازدارندگی بر عوامل بیماریزا دارند. پژوهشی بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی در دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز طی سال 1403 انجام شد. جدایه قارچ بیماری‌زا از میوه نارنگی آلوده جدا و پس از خالص سازی، شناسایی ریخت‌شناسی و مولکولی بکار برده شد. در مرحله اول، اثر عصاره های اتانولی، متانولی و آبی دو گیاه (با غلظت50 و 100 درصد) در مقایسه با قارچکش کاربندازیم و شاهد (بدون عصاره) برکنترل کپک بررسی شد. سپس موثرترین عصاره‌ انتخاب و نانوعصاره آن به روش سونیکیشن تهیه و اثر بازداری عصاره‌ها در مقایسه با نانوعصاره آنها روی رشد کپک مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. شکل، اندازه و توزیع نانوذرات با روش آنالیز TEM و DLS ارزیابی شد. بیشترین اثر بازدارندگی از رشد کپک در عصاره آبی گیاه شیشه‌شور (غلظت 100 درصد) با قطر هاله 5 میلی‌متر مشاهده گردید و کمترین اثر بازدارندگی به عصاره های متانولی شیشه ‏شور و لعل‏ کوهستان (غلظت 50 درصد) با قطر هاله 32 میلی‌متر اختصاص داشت. قارچ‌کش کاربندازیم اثر بازدارندگی بیشتری (قطر هاله 28 میلی‌متر) نسبت به شاهد با قطر هاله 32 میلی‌متر نشان داد. نتایج ساخت نانوعصاره نشان داد که ذرات، شکل کروی، ساختار یکنواخت و قطر کمتر از 20 نانومتر دارند. بیشترین تاثیر بازدارنده در نانوعصاره شیشه‌شور با غلظت 100درصد بود که به‌طور کامل از رشد پرگنه ممانعت کرد و کمترین آن در عصاره معمولی لعل‌کوهستان با غلظت 50 درصد و 100 درصد مشاهده شد. بیشترین درصد فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی در نانوعصاره لعل‌کوهستان و شیشه‌شور (به ترتیب 74/35 و73/87 درصد) با غلظت 100 درصد و بیشترین محتوای فنل و فلاونویید، به‌ترتیب به میزان 283 میلی‌گرم بر گرم اسیدگالیک و 198/53 میلی‌گرم بر گرم کوئرسیتین در نانوعصاره شیشه‌شور با غلظت 100درصد ثبت شد. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش حاضر، نانوعصاره دو گیاه نسبت به عصاره معمولی، اثر بازدارندگی بیشتری بر رشد کپک سبز نشان دادند. همچنین عصاره‏ آبی شیشه‌شور و نانوعصاره آن در کنترل کپک سبز در سطح آزمایشگاهی مؤثرتر شناخته شدند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Effect of extract and nano extract of Bottle brush (Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels) and Denak (Oliveria decumbens Vent) on the control of citrus green mold (Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc.)

نویسندگان English

E. Helalipour 1
Sh. Zivdar 2
M. Rahmati Jonidabad 3
Z. Mirsoleymani 4
M. Taki 5
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
5 Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
چکیده English

Background and Objectives

Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. is a major fungal pathogen responsible for postharvest rot in citrus fruits, leading to substantial economic losses sometimes as high as 90% in horticultural crops.The fungus spreads rapidly through asexual spores and primarily infects fruits through wounds caused by insects, branches, or mechanical damage during handling and transport.Due to the adverse effects and residual toxicity of chemical fungicides, plant extracts and nanoextracts have emerged as promising alternatives for disease management.Callistemon citrinus an ornamental plant from the Myrtaceae family and Oliveria decumbens of the Apiaceae family are known to contain bioactive secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds with antifungal properties. Additionally, green nanotechnology provides a sustainable strategy to enhance the effectiveness of natural antifungal agents while reducing environmental risks.

Materials and Methods

Two experiments were conducted in 2024 at the agricultural laboratories of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, using a completely randomized design with three replications. The first experiment assessed the antifungal efficacy of ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of C.citrinus and O.decumbens at 50% and 100% concentrations against P.digitatum, alongside a commercial fungicide (carbendazim) and a control group. Antioxidant activity (DPPH%), total phenol content, and total flavonoid content of both the crude extracts and nano-extract were measured using standard laboratory methods.Tangerine fruits infected with green mold were collected from storage facilities in Ahvaz. The pathogen was isolated, purified and identified morphologically and molecularly. In the second stage, the most effective extract was selected, and its nano-extract was prepared using the sonication method.The inhibitory effects of the extract and its nanoform were compared against green mold.The morphology, size, and distribution of the nanoparticles were analyzed using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).

Results

The aqueous extract of C.citrinus at 100% concentration exhibited the highest inhibitory effect among the common extracts, with a growth inhibition of 5 mm.In contrast, the methanolic extracts of C. citrinus and O.decumbens at 50% concentration showed no inhibitory activity, with a growth zone of 32 mm, indicating no suppression of fungal growth.The commercial fungicide carbendazim exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect producing a growth inhibition zone of 28 mm, while the control group showed a zone of 32 mm. Results from the nano-extract synthesis indicated that 100% of the nanoparticles were spherical, had a uniform structure, and a diameter of less than 20 nanometers. The second experiment confirmed the superior efficacy of nano-extracts over conventional extracts.The nanoextract of C.citrinus at 100% concentration produced the most significant inhibitory effect, completely preventing fungal growth. In contrast, the weakest effects were observed with the common extracts of O. decumbens at both 50% and 100% concentrations. Additionally, the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH) was recorded in the nano-extracts of O.decumbens (74.35%) and C. citrinus (73.87%) at 100% concentration. The nanoextract of C.citrinus also recorded the highest total phenolic (283 mg g-1 gallic acid) and flavonoid (198.53 mg g-1 quercetin) content at the same concentration. Overall, the nanoextracts of both plants were more effective against P.digitatum than their common extract counterparts. Based on these findings, both the aqueous extract and nano-extract of C. citrinus demonstrated notable potential for the laboratoryscale control of green mold.

Discussion

In this study the extract of C. citrinus demonstrated greater antifungal efficacy compared to that of O. decumbens. Previous research has emphasized that variations in plant genus and species, the nature of active compounds, the type of extract, and the method used for extracting bioactive components all influence the antimicrobial effectiveness of plant-based treatments.The superior performance of aqueous extracts over alcoholic ones extracts may be attributed to the higher sensitivity of certain fungal strains to water-soluble compounds. Furthermore, some antifungal compounds, such as glycosides are more effectively dissolved in water.In contrast, alcohol-based extraction processes may alter or inactivate structurally sensitive compounds. Nano extracts of C. citrinus and O.decumbens demonstrated significantly enhanced antifungal activity against green mold compared to their conventional extract forms. One key factor contribution to this improvement is particle size.In nano-extracts, reduced particle size increases the surface area of plant material exposed to the solvent, thereby accelerating mass transfer. In addition, nano-extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity as well as greater total phenolic and flavonoid content than common extracts, further contributing to their superior bioactivity.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

inhibitory effect
citrus rot
carbendazim
plant extract
nano extract
References
Abdelhady, M. I., Motaal, A. A., & Beerhues, L. (2011). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of standardized extracts from leaves and cell cultures of three Callistemon species. American Journal of Plant Science, 2(6), 847- 850. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2011.26100
Alizadeh Behbahani, B., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., Shahidi, F., & Mohebbi, M. (2014). Antifungal effect of aqueous and methanolic Avicennia marina leaves extracts on Alternaria alternata and Penicillium citrinum. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 12, 1015-1024. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.17353165.1392.12.12.5.1
Anjum Malik, A., Ahmed, N., Babita, C. H., & Gupta, P. (2016). Plant extracts in post-harvest disease management of fruits and vegetables-a review. Journal of Food Processing& Technology, 7(592), 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7110.1000592
Ashrafpour, M., Rezaei, H., Sefidgar A, Baradaran, M., & Sharifi, H. (2015). Survey of the antibacterial properties of aqueous ethanolic and methanolic extraction of Artemisia Annua around the city of Babol. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 23(6), 129-141.URL: http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-2492-en.html [In Persian].
Askari kafrani, A., Fazilati, M., & Nazem, H. A. (2021). Investigating the effect of solvent and extraction method on the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Journal of Food Science and Technology (Iran). 18(114), 133 p. https://doi.org/10.29252/fsct.18.05.12 [In Persian].
Azizian-Shermeh, O., Mollashahi, E. & Taherizadeh, M. (2020). Phytosynthesis of stable silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Salvia rhytidea Benth. and comparison of its antimicrobial Activities with natural plant extract. Ecophytochemical of Medicinal plants, 30 (2), 89-112.
Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., & Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils, A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2), 446-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106
Bahraminejad, S., Seifolahpour, B., & Amiri, R. (2016). Antifungal effects of some medicinal and aromatic plant essential oils against Alternaria solani. Journal of Crop Protection, 5(4), 603-616. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.22519041.2016.5.4.14.9
Barzegar, H., Mehrnia, M.A., & Alizadeh Behbahani, B. (2018). Determination of the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and the antimicrobial effect of Heracleum Lasiopetalum on infection and food poisoning microorganisms. Journal of Applied Microbiology in Food Industry, 4(4), 15-28. URL: http://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article-7-33602-en.html
Baviskar, R.N. & Dekate, H.M. (2016). Control of penicillium expansum link causing blue mold of pear using some fungicides. International Journal of Life Sciences, 4(3), 427-431. http://www.ijlsci.in
Blesson, J., Sebastian, J., Ar, C., Saji, C. V., Pillai, D. V., & Manohar, G. (2014). South Indian plants Lawsonia inermis L., Ocimum sanctum L., Ficus religiosa L. and Callistemon citrinus L. exhibit antibiotic resistance modifying effect on native strain of Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 3, 869-878. https://doi.org/10.6088/ijaser.030400011
Braga, P.C., Alfieri, M., Culici, M., & Dal Sasso, M. (2007). Inhibitory activity of thymol against the formation and viability of Candida albicans hyphae. Mycoses, 50(6), 502-506. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01412.x
Bvumbi, C., Chi, G. F., Stevens, M. Y., Mombeshora, M., & Mukanganyama, S. (2021). The effects of tormentic acid and extracts from Callistemon Citrinus on Candida Albicans and Candida Tropicalis growth and inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida Albicans. The Scientific World Journal, 1-13. http://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8856147
Chang, C. C., Yang, M. H., Wen, H. M., & Chern, J. C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3), 178-182. http://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748
Chen, J., Shen, Y., Chen, C., & Wan, C. (2019). Inhibition of key citrus postharvest fungal strains by plant extracts in vitro and in vivo: A review. Plants, 8(2), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8020026
Cock, I. E. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of Callistemon citrinus and Callistemon salignus methanolic extracts. Pharmacognosy Communications, 2(3), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.5530/pc.2012.3.11
Costa, J. H., Bazioli, J. M., de Moraes Pontes, J. G., & Fill, T. P. (2019). Penicillium digitatum infection mechanisms in citrus: What do we know so far? Fungal Biology, 123(8), 584-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2019.05.004
Delshad, D. & Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R. (2020). Identification of Penicillium species from citrus fruits and various bread types in Shiraz (Iran). Rostaniha , 21(1), 65–78. http://doi.org/10.22092/BOTANY.2020.341742.1188 [In Persian]
Djanaguiraman, M., Anbazhagan, V., Dhankher, O. P., & Prasad, P. V. (2024). Uptake, translocation, toxicity, and impact of nanoparticles on plant physiological processes. Plants, 13(22), 3137. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13223137
Dongmo Lekagne, J. B., Fouelefack, F. R., Dakole Daboy, C., Galani, Y. J. H., Fotio, D., & Nguefack, J. (2023). Chemical composition, antifungal properties and seed treatment potential of essential oil fractions of Callistemon citrinus against two seed-borne fungi of rice: Alternaria padwickii and Bipolaris oryzae. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 130, 833-841. http://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-023-00756-2
El-Abeid, S.E., Mosa, M.A., El-Tabakh, M.A.M., Saleh, A.M.& Haridy, M.S.A. (2023). Antifungal activity of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from Zizyphus spina leaf extract against Fusarium root rot disease in tomato plants. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 22(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951‑023‑02281‑8
El-Samawaty, A.E.R.M., El-Wakil, D.A., Alamery, S., & Mahmoud, M.M. (2021). Potency of plant extracts against Penicillium species isolated from different seeds and fruits in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(6), 3294-3302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.074
El-Goorani, M.A., El-Kasheir, H.M., Kabeel, M.T., & Shoeib, A.A. (1984). Resistance to benzimidazole fungicides of Penicillium italicum and P. digitatum isolated from packinghouses and orchards in Egypt. Plant Disease, 68(2), 100-102. https://www.apsnet.org/publications/PlantDisease/BackIssues/Documents
FAOSTAT.(2005).fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/JMPR/Evaluation94/carbend.pdf
Frisvad, J. C., & Samson, R. A. (2004). Polyphasic taxonomy of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium. A guide to identification of food and air-borne terverticillate Penicillia and their mycotoxins. Studies in Mycology, 49(1), 1-174.
Ghazy, O. A., Fouad, M. T., Saleh, H. H., Kholif, A. E., & Morsy, T. A. (2021). Ultrasound-assisted preparation of anise extract nanoemulsion and its bioactivity against different pathogenic bacteria. Food Chemistry, 341(128259), 1-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128259
Gholamnezhad, J. (2017). Effect of plant extracts against apple gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. Applied Microbiology in Food Industries, (3)1, 53-66.
Gholamnezhad, J., Arsalani, Sh., & Maleki, M. (2019). The investigation of the effect of garlic and thyme extracts on orange green mold (Penicillium digitatum), defense enzymes and genes expression. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 42(1), 91-118.
Ghosh, P., Goswami, S., Roy, S., Das, R., Chakraborty, T., & Ray, S. (2021). Comparative in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of leaf extract fractions of Crimson bottlebrush, Callistemon citrinus (Curtis.) Skeels. BioRxiv, 3, 1-22. http://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.26.436274
Hall, T.A. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT”.Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95-98.
Jamzad M., Kazembakloo A., Dadkhah-Tehrani A., & Rostami F. (2014). Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of hydromethanolic extract from the flowers, leaves and stems of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 5(4), 308-312. https://doi.org/10.56042/ijnpr. v5i4.3370
Jiang, X., Feng, K., & Yang, X. (2015). In vitro antifungal activity and mechanism of action of tea polyphenols and tea saponin against Rhizopus stolonifer. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, 25(4), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1159/000430866
Khajehie, N., Golmakani, M.T., Eblaghi, M., & Eskandari, M.H. (2017). Evaluating the effects of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation on antifungal and radical scavenging activities of Oliveria decumbens and Chaerophyllum macropodum essential oils. Journal of Food Protection, 80(5), 783-791. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-428
Khatir Ghorbani, G., Aghajani, M.A. & Zolfaghari1Nasab, A. (2024) Sensitivity of Penicillium digitatum isolates, citrus green mold agent, to imazalil, fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, azoxystrobin and thiabendazole in north of Iran. Food Processing and Preservation Journal, 15(4), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.22069/fppj.2024.22095.1795
Khosravinezhad, M., Talebi, E., Shivakumar, Z. N., & Nasrollahi, I. (2017). Essential oil composition and antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of Oliveria decumbens Vent. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 5(2), 102-106.
Mahboubi, M., Feizabadi, MM., Haghi, G., & Hosseini, H. (2008). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil from Oliveria decumbens Vent. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 24(1), 56-65. URL: http://www.rifr-ac.ir
Mabhiza, D., Chitemerere, T., & Mukanganyama, S. (2016). Antibacterial properties of alkaloid extracts from Callistemon citrinus and Vernonia adoensis against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2016(1), 6304163. http://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6304163
Manke, A., Wang, L., & Rojanasakul, Y. (2013). Mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. BioMed Research International, (1), 1-15. http://doi.org/10.1155/2013/942916
McDonald, S., Prenzler, P.D., Antolovich, M., & Robards, K. (2001). Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food Chemistry, 73(1), 73-84. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00288-0
Mirsoleimani Z. & Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa R. 2013. Characterization of Phytophthora pistaciae, the causal agent of pistachio gummosis, based on host range, morphology, and ribosomal genome. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 53(3), 501-506. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42685429
Moghadam, A., Saidi, M., Abdossi, V., Mirab-Balou, M., & Tahmasebi, Z. (2018). Insecticidal effect of extracts from six native plants on Bemisia tabaci and some physiological effects on cucumber as host plant. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 55(3), 563-568. https://doi.org/10.21162/PAKJAS/18.5988
Mollaei, S., Mamizadeh, Z., Hazrati, S., & Hashempour, H. (2021). The effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment on the yield, chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil in Oliveria decumbens flowers. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 24, 100313. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2021.100313
Mozaffarian, V. (2009). Flora of Iran, Umblifrae family. Publications of the Research Institute of Forests and Pastures of the Country, 644. https://www.sid.ir/paper/535415 [In Persian].
Papoutsis, K., Mathioudakis, M.M., Hasperue, J. H., & Ziogas, V. (2019). Non-chemical treatments for preventing the postharvest fungal rotting of citrus caused by Penicillium digitatum (green mold) and Penicillium italicum (blue mold). Trends in Food Science and Technology, 86, 479-491. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.053
Puranik, N., Sohani, S., & Bakshi, G. (2014). In vitro antioxidant and antigenotoxic potential of ethanolic extract of Callistemon citrinus flower. International Journal Biology & Pharmacology Research, 5(11), 824-829.
Rahmani, Z., Karimi, M., Saffari, I., Mirzaei, H., Nejati, M., & Sharafati Chaleshtori, R. (2024). Nanoemulsion and nanoencapsulation of a hydroethanolic extract of nettle (Urtica dioica) and wormwood (Artemisia absinthium): Comparison of antibacterial and anticancer activity. Frontiers in Chemistry, 12, 1266573. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2024.1266573
Rice-Evans, C. A., Miller, N.J., & Paganga, G. (1996). Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 20(7), 933-956. http://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(95)02227-9
Saad, A.M., Abdel-Aleem, A.A.H., Ghareeb, M.A., Hamed, M.M., Abdel-Aziz, M.S., & Hadad, A.H. (2017). In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and green biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using Callistemon citrinus leaf extract. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 7(6), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2017.70620
Sami, A., Aboutalebi, A.& Mohamadi, A., (2012). Comparison with fennel essential oil. carbendazim and thiabendazole on postharvest characteristics of golden delicious apple. Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Horticultural Crops, 2, 11-19.
Sanchez-Torres, P. (2021). Molecular mechanisms underlying fungicide resistance in citrus postharvest green mold. Journal of Fungi, 7(9), 783. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7090783
Salem, M.Z., Ali, H.M., El-Shanhorey, N.A., & Abdel-Megeed, A. (2013). Evaluation of extracts and essential oil from Callistemon viminalis leaves: Antibacterial and antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 6(10), 785-791. ‏ http://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(13)60139-X
Shazdeahmadi, M. & Sajjadi, S. A. (2022). Identification of chemical compounds of methanolic extract of (Mentha longifolia L.) and (Thymus pubescens Boiss.) plants and their insecticidal and
repellent effects on Trialeurodes vaporarium. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 45(3), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.22055/ppr.2022.17656
Shinde, P.R., Patil, P.S., & Bairagi, V.A. (2012). Pharmacognostic, phytochemical properties and antibacterial activity of Callistemon citrinus viminalis leaves and stems. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(4), 406-408.
Singh, D., & Sharma, R. R. (2018). Postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables and their management. In Postharvest disinfection of fruits and vegetables. Academic Press, pp, 1-52. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812698-1.00001-7
Sun, T., Xu, Z., Wu, C.T., Janes, M., Prinyawiwatkul, W., & No, H.K. (2007). Antioxidant activities of different colored sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Food Science, 72, 98-102. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00245.x
White, T.J.; Bruns, T.; Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genesfor phylogenetics. PCR Protocols Guide Methods. 18, 315–322.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, B., Luo, C., Fu, Y., & Zhu, F. (2021). Fungicidal actions and resistance mechanisms of prochloraz to Penicillium digitatum. Plant Disease, 105(2), 408-415. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-20-1128-RE
 © 2025 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.