گیاه پزشکی

گیاه پزشکی

تأثیر عصاره‌ی بذر چای بر فعالیت نماتد ریشه گرهی کیوی (Meloidogyne incognita) در شرایط آزمایشگاه و گلخانه

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی-فارسی

نویسندگان
1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد بیماری‌شناسی گیاهی، مؤسسه آموزش عالی غیرانتفاعی دیلمان، لاهیجان، گیلان، ایران.
2 استادیار بیماری‌شناسی گیاهی- نماتدشناسی، پژوهشکده چای، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی؛ سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، لاهیجان، گیلان، ایران
3 استادیار خاکشناسی، پژوهشکده چای، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی؛ سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، لاهیجان، گیلان، ایران.
4 استادیار اصلاح نباتات، پژوهشکده چای، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی؛ سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، لاهیجان، گیلان، ایران.
چکیده
نماتدهای ریشه گرهی از مهم‌ترین عوامل بیماری‌زای گیاهی در کیوی (Actinidia deliciosa) بوده که در سراسر جهان و ازجمله ایران، خسارت اقتصادی زیادی وارد می‌نمایند. به‌منظور ارزیابی تأثیر عصاره‌ی بذر چای روی نماتد Meloidogyne incognita در کیوی، پس از تکثیر نماتد روی رقم حساس گوجه‌فرنگی (Early Orbana Y) و تهیه‌ی جمعیت خالص، غلظت‌های مختلف عصاره‌ی بذر چای (5/2، پنج، 5/7، 10 و 15 درصد) مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. مطالعات آزمایشگاهی در به صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی و در چهار بازه زمانی 24، 48، 72 و 96 ساعت انجام و میزان مرگ و میر لاروهای سن دوم و تفریخ تخم نماتد، بررسی گردید. در مطالعات گلخانه‌ای، با مایه‌زنی نهال‌های کیوی آلوده به M. incognita با عصاره‌ی بذر چای در غلظت‌های مذکور تیمار شدند و پس از گذشت سه ماه، شاخص‌های رشدی گیاه مانند ارتفاع، تعداد شاخه‌های جانبی، وزن تر ریشه، حجم ریشه، طول ریشه، میزان کلروفیل و وزن تر و خشک شاخساره و هم‌چنین شاخص‌های بیماری‌زایی نماتد شامل میانگین تعداد گال، تعداد لاروهای سن دوم در 100 گرم خاک و تعداد ماده‌های بالغ در یک گرم ریشه، اندازه‌گیری شدند. نتایج مطالعات آزمایشگاهی نشان داد که استفاده از غلظت‌های 5/7، 10 و 15 درصد عصاره‌ی بذر چای سبب مرگ و میر 100 درصدی لاروهای سن دوم و ممانعت از تفریخ تخم نماتد M. incognita از همان بازه زمانی ابتدایی و پس از گذشت 24 ساعت گردید. هم‌چنین در گلخانه، استفاده از غلظت 15 درصد عصاره‌ی بذر چای، سبب افزایش شاخص‌های رشدی گیاه و کاهش شاخص‌های بیماری‌زایی نماتد شد. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده در این پژوهش، استفاده از عصاره‌ی بذر چای به‌عنوان یک راهکار در برنامه مدیریت تلفیقی نماتد ریشه‌گرهی در کیوی، قابل طرح خواهد بود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Effect of Tea Seed Extract on the Activity of Kiwifruit Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) In vitro and Greenhouse Conditions

نویسندگان English

S. Rahemi 1
A. Seraji 2
E. Kahneh 3
S. Safaei Chaeikar 4
1 M.Sc. Graduate of Plant Pathology, Deylaman Institute of Higher Education, Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology- Nematology, Tea Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Lahijan, Guilan, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor of Soil science, Tea Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Lahijan, Guilan, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor of Plant Breeding, Tea Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Lahijan, Guilan, Iran.
چکیده English

Background and Objectives

Root-knot nematodes are among the most significant plant pathogens affecting kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), causing substantial economic losses annually worldwide, including in Iran. Methods for controlling this nematode include using healthy and certified seedlings, chemical pesticide treatment, soil disinfection, resistant cultivars, chemical sprays, and biological control. Given the necessity of reducing chemical pesticide use in managing plant diseases, including nematodes in kiwifruit, exploring alternative control methods, such as plant extracts, is of great importance. Considering the region's widespread distribution of root-knot nematodes, biological management strategies can serve as a viable alternative to chemical pesticides and complement integrated nematode management efforts.

Materials and Methods

To evaluate the effect of tea seed extract on M. incognita nematode in kiwi, nematodes were propagated on the susceptible tomato cultivar (Early Orbana Y), and a pure and abundant population was obtained. Different concentrations of tea seed extract (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 15%) were then prepared, and laboratory studies were conducted in a factorial design at four time intervals: 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The mortality rate of second-stage larvae and nematode egg hatching were assessed. In greenhouse studies, kiwi seedlings inoculated with M. incognita were treated with tea seed extract at the concentrations above. Three months after the last treatment application, the seedlings were transferred from the greenhouse to the laboratory. Plant growth indices, including height, number of lateral branches, root fresh weight, root volume, root length, chlorophyll content, and shoot fresh and dry weight, as well as nematode pathogenicity indices such as the average number of galls, the number of second-stage larvae per 100 grams of soil, and the number of adult females per gram of root, were measured.

Results

Laboratory studies showed that concentrations of 7.5%, 10%, and 15% tea seed extract resulted in 100% mortality of second-stage larvae and inhibited the hatching of M. incognita nematode eggs within the earliest time point of 24 hours. Also, in the greenhouse, a 15% concentration of tea seed extract enhanced plant growth indices and decreased nematode pathogenicity indices. Notably, in some indicators, a concentration of 10% also showed some effectiveness. Based on the results obtained, tea seed extract at a concentration of 15% can be recommended as the optimal concentration and an effective strategy for controlling root-knot nematodes in kiwifruit.

Discussion

Generally, the results of this research indicated that using 10% and 15% concentrations of tea seed extract by enhancing the growth indices of kiwi and weakening the vital and biological activities of the root-knot nematode M. incognita, leads to a reduction in the pathogenicity indices of the nematode. The present study's findings align with and confirm many similar studies conducted by researchers in previous years. The approach based on using plant extracts can be regarded as a promising strategy for the non-chemical control of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp., as it reduces the reliance on chemical pesticides and ultimately prevents environmental hazards.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Biological control
Damage
Management
Nematode
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